^^^j?-'.y -«' t — VX ■/yaM- ImLYm MW^ m ■1 ■*/iU\t^\ BERGEN'S ELEMENTS OF BOTANY Y AND FLORA SOUTHERN UNITED STATES EDITION BY S. M. TRACY, M.S. FORMERLY PROFESSOR OF BOTAITV IK THE STATE UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI BOSTON, U.S.A. GINN k COMPANY, PUBLISHERS Crbe attl)enatttm |)reM 1899 BERGEN'S ELEMENTS OF BOTANY KEY AND FLORA SOUTHERN UNITED STATES KDUriON S. M. TRA( V, M.S. FORMEULV I'ROFESSOK OK 150TAMV IN TlIK STATU UNIVEHSITV <)K MISSOIKI BOSTON, I .S.A. GINN k COMPANY. IM l',lJSlIi:i;S ^ht ^ItbcncTum J3rrfifi T7^ Copyright, 1899, by S. M. TKACY ALL RIGHTS RESERVED PAET II. FLORA OF THE SOUTHERN UNITED STATES. S. M. TRACY, M.S., Late Director and Botanist of the Mississippi Agricultural E.rperitiutit Sttition, formerhi Professor of Botany, Missouri Slate Universiti/. PRp]FACE. This manual is designed for the use of secondary schools in the southeastern part of the United States, from North Carolina southward to Florida and westward to Texas. It does not purport to give all the known flowering plants of that region, but gives the more common species blooming in the early summer before the close of the school year, together with a few of those which are prominent later in the season. In the selection of the species given, only such as may be identified with clearness and certainty have been included; while some, although very common, which are separated from others only by minute and technical differences, have been omitted. The object of the work is not so much to enable the student to name the family, genus, and species of every plant he may find, as to enable him to learn how plants are classified, something of the relations and differences of the more important groups, and the process by which an unknown plant may be identified. The ability to identify and name plants is not the object of botanical study, but it is a great assistance in attaining the knowledge which the true student of botany is seeking — an understanding of the laws of lite in tli(^ veujet-ihh' kin.LC'h'iii. 4 PREFACE. It is suggested to teachers using this book that they shoukl take pains to secure for class-room study only such plants as are described in the manual, that time may not be wasted and pupils discouraged by efforts to identify species which are too difficult for elementary work. The illustrations are from Bergen's text-book, and are used with the original numbers. In preparing the descriptions living plants have been exam- ined whenever possible, while free use has been made of Chapman's Flora of the Southern States, Gray's Synoptical Flora, Britton and Brown's Illustrated Flora, and other botanical works. BiLoxi, Miss,, March 15, 1899. KEY TO THE FAMILIES OF PHANEROGAMS DESCRIBED IN THIS MANUAL. CLASS I. GYMNOSPERMS. Ovules not enclosed in an ovary. Trees or shrubs ; leaves usually evergreen and needle-shaped (tr scale-like ; flowers moncecious or dia'cious ; fruit a dry or fleshy cone. 1. riiiaceai. CLASS II. ANGIOSPERMS. Ovules enclosed in an ovary. Subclass 1. — Monocotyledons. Flowers usually on the ]>l;ui of 3, never of 5 ; leaves usually parallel-veined ; cotyledon single. Flowers glumaceous. Flowers 2-bracted ; leaves 2-ranked ; stem cylindrical Flowers 1-bracted ; leaves o-ranked ; stem triangular Flowers on a spadix. Spadix spike-like ; perianth of bristles Spadix simple, fleshy Spadix branched Flowers not on a spadix. Cancels several, distinct .... Carpels united. Perianth free, or united (inly to the base of the ovary. Perianth regular, segments chalfy 4. Gramincae. 0. Cyperaceaj. 2. Typhacea-. 7. Aracea'. (J. Sabalacciv. :>. Alismaceiu. I 1. JuncacL'X'. 6 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. Perianth regular ; in 2 series, the outer sepal- like. Epiphytes or parasites 8. Bromeliacese. Terrestrial, petals deliquescent . . . 9. CoinmelinaceSD. Terrestrial, petals withering-persistent . 14. Coiivallariaceso. Perianth regular, segments nearly alike, petaloid. Fruit capsular. Styles distinct or partly united . . 12. Melanthacese. Styles wholly united .... 13. LiliaceSB. Fruit berry-like. Stems climbing by tendrils ... 15. SmilaceSB. Stems not climbing 14. CouvallariacesB. Perianth irregular. . Perianth in 2 series, the outer sepal-like . t). Commelinacese. Perianth in a single series, the segments united 10. FoiitederiacefE. Perianth adnate to the ovary. Stamens with anthers, 1 or 2 . . . . 19. Orchidaceae. Stamens 3, opposite the inner perianth seg- ments 10. Htemodoraceae. Stamens 3, opposite the outer perianth seg- ments 18. Iridaceae. Stamens G 17. Aiiiaryllidacese. Subclass 2. — Dicotyledons. Flowers usually on the plan of 5 or 4 leaves netted-veined ; cotyledons 2. Apetalous division. Flowers with no corolla, and sometianes with no calyx. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, one or both kinds in aments. Staminate flowers in aments, the pistillate solitary or clustered. Leaves pinnately compound . . . . 21. Juglandacese. Leaves simple 25. Fagacese. Both staminate and pistillate flowers in aments. Leaves alternate. Fruits aggregated, fleshy Fruit a drupe .... Fruit a capsule, seeds comose Fruit a nut or samara Leaves opposite, parasitic shrubs 27. MoraccEe. 22. Myricacese. 23. Salicacese. 24. Betulacese. 29. Loranthacese. KEY TO PHANEIKXJAMS. Flowers not in anients, both calyx and corolla wanting. Flowers monoecious, in globose heads, trees . 55. Flowers perfect, in slender spikes, herbs . 20. Flowers not in ainents ; calyx present, some- times petaluid. Trees or shriib.s. Ovary inferior 90. Ovary superior. Style single, entire, fruit a samara . [)[). Style single, entire, fruit a drupe. Anthers opening by valves . . . . 44. Anthers opening lengthwise . . 85. Styles 2 or 2-cleft, fruit 1-celled ... 20. Styles 2 or 2-cleft, fruit 2-celled . . . To. Woody twining vines ; ovaries 3 . . . . 42. Herbs. Ovary inferior, 4-celle(l 87. Ovary inferior, 6-celled oO. Ovary superior, 1-celled. Stipules none. Stamens numerous 40. Stamens few ; Howers with scarious bract.s .■>•">. Stamens few ; flowers without bracts o2. Stipules sheathing the joints .... ol. Stipules not siieathing. Style single 28. Styles 2 27. Ovary superior, 3-celled (;8. Ovary superior, 5-celled ; fruit a capsule 5]_ Ovary sui»('rior,5-10-celled ; fruit a berry ;}4 roi.VI'KT.VLOl'S DIVISION. Caly.xaud corolla iioth present, A. Stamens more than 10. Trees, shrubs, or woody vines, leafless, or nearly so ; stem fleshy . 84. Leaves alternate. Ovary one, simple. Fruit a drupe •'"^• Fruit a Ifguino •>5>. PlatanacesB. Saururaceai. Cornacese. Oleacete. Lauracese. Tliymeleacess. Ulmaceie. Aceraceaj. Menispermaceie. Onagracea. Aristolochiaceae. Kanunt'ulacea'. Amaraiithacea'. Chenopcxliacca'. Polygonaceie. UrticacefB. Moraceaj. Eupliorbiaceaj. CrassulaoeiB. I'liytolaccacea'. the jtetals not united ractaceie. Drupaccic. Miniosacejc. ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. ♦ Ovary one, compound ; fruit dry. Uvary 1-celled, witli 3-5 parietal placentje Ovary 5-celled, 1-2-seeded at maturity Ovary 5-celled, 3-10-seeded at maturity. Stamens monadelphous .... Stamens distinct Ovary one, compound ; fruit fleshy Ovaries numerous. Leaves stipulate. Stamens inserted on the receptacle Stamens inserted on tlie calyx Leaves not stipulate. Small trees Woody twining vines Leaves opposite ; fruit dry. Ovary single, 1-celled .... Ovary single, 3-5-celled .... Ovaries several, enclosed by the calyx tube Leaves opposite ; fruit fleshy, many-seeded Herbs. Ovary single, simple ; fruit a berry . Ovaries several, simple. Stamens inserted on the receptacle Stamens inserted on the calyx Ovary compound. Aquatic herbs, leaves flat Marsh herbs, leaves tubular . Terrestrial herbs. Ovary 1-celled. Placentae central, juice watery Placentae central, juice milky or colored Placentae 2, parietal Placentae 3-6, parietal. Leaves alternate Leaves opposite Ovary several-celled, stamens monadel- phous 81. Cistacese. 77. Tiliacese. 79. TheaceaB. 86. Lythracese. 57. PomacesD. 38. Magnoliacese.. 56. Kosaceae. 39. Anonaceae. 42. Meiiispermacese. 80. Hypericace?e. 52. SaxifragacecB. 43. CalycanthacefB. 86. Lythracere. 4L Berberidaces6. 40. Ranunculacese. 56. Rosacese. 37. Nymphreaceae. 49. Sarraceniacece. 35. Portulacacese. 45. Papaveracete. 47. Capparidacese. 48. Resedacese. 80. Hypericaceae. 78. Malvaceae. KEY TO PHANEROGAMS. B. Stamens not more than 10. Trees, shrubs, or woody vines. Fruit a drupe. Stamens 2, rarely 3-4 .... Stamens as many as the petals. Flowers dioicious Flowers perfect. Stamens 4, alternate with the petals Stamens 5, alternate with the petals Stamens 4-5, opposite the petals Stamens twice as many as the petals . Fruit a berry. Stamens alternate with the petals. Inserted on the calyx, leaves simple . Inserted on the receptacle, leaves com pound .... Stamens opposite the petals Fruit a 1-seeded samara Fruit a 2-seeded capsule or sani Leaves simple . Leaves compound Fruit a 3-5-celled capsule, leaves simple . Fruit a 1-3-celled capsule, leaves compound Fruit a legume. Stamens distinct Stamens monadelphous or diadelphous Herbs. Ovary single, 1-celled, simple or compound. Corolla regular, or nearly so. Sepals and petals 4-5 ; stamens 5, distinct Leaves alternate. Stigma single Stigmas 4 09. Oleaceas. 42. Menispermacete. 90. Cornaceae. (59. Anacarcliace?e. 75. Khamnacete. OG. Meliaceae. 53. Grossulariace?e. 88. Araliacese. 70. Vitacese. 65. Simariibaceae. 54. Hamamelidaceae. 64. Rutaceae. 72. Celastracero. 74. Hippocastanaceae. GO. Cre.salpinacese. 61. rapilionacese. Stigmas C-10 Leaves opposit*', (lowers yellow Leaves opposite, flowers white or n-d . Sepals and petals 4-5 ; stamens 5, united Sepals 2, petals 4-5 Corolla irregular. Fruit a legume 00. C'ji'.salpinacecT. 52. Saxifragaceae. 50. I)r()serace;i3. 80. Ilypciicaceie. oO. C'aryophyllaci'jp. 8:J. ra.ssitioiace;r. 35. rortulacaceai. OL raiiilioiiaccii). 10 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. Fruit a capsule. Stamens 5 Stamens G, in 2 sets .... Ovary single, 2-5-celled, fruit dry. Ovary 2-celled. Flowers in umbels, stamens 5 Flowers not in umbels, stamens G Ovary a 4-celled capsule. Calyx adherent to the ovary Calyx enclosing the ovary, but not adher ent Ovary a 5 celled capsule. Leaves simple. Parasitic, capsule many-seeded Terrestrial, capsule 5-10-seeded Leaves trifoliate .... Ovary single, 2-5-celled ; fruit a berry Ovaries 2, seeds comose 82. ViolacefE. 45. Papaveracese. 89. Umbelliferse. 46. Cruciferse. 87. Onagracece. 86. Melastoinacese. 92. Monotropace?e. 62. Geraniacese. 63. Oxalidacese. 88. Araliacese. 103. Asclepiadacese. GamopetalOUS division. Calyx and corolla both present, the petals more or less united. Trees, shrubs, or woody vines. Leaves alternate. Fruit dehiscent. Fruit a legume .... Fruit a S-celled capsule Fruit a 5-celled capsule Fruit indehiscent, dry. Fruit drupe-like, 1-seeded . Fruit ovoid and winged or globose 1-2-seeded Fruit 2-3-celled, 2-3-seeded . Fruit a drupe Fruit a berry. Ovary superior ; seeds few, large Ovary superior ; seeds many, small Ovary inferior .... Leaves opposite. Fruit a 2-celled, 2-seeded capsule . Fruit a 2-celled, many-seeded capsule. Seeds winged 61. Papilionacese. 91. Clethracese, 93. Ericaceae. 97. Symplocaceae. 98. Styracacese. 70. Cyrillaceae. 71. Ilicacese. 96. Ebenaceae. 110. Solanaceae. 94. Vacciniacese. 117. Rubiaceae. 113. Bignoniacese. KEY TO PHANEROGAMS. 11 Seeds not winged ; shrubs . Seeds not Avinged ; twining vines Fruit a 5-celled capsule .... Fruit a drupe or berry. Fruit 1-2-seeded ; stamens 2 Fruit 1-4-seeded ; stamens 4 Fruit 1-5-seeded ; stamens 5 Herbs. Ovary superior, flowers regular. Ovary separating into 2 distinct follicles Style single, stamens distinct Styles 2, stamens united Ovary 1-celled. Fruit a legume Fruit a capsule. Leaves alternate. Stamens opposite the lobes of the corolla Stamens alternate with the lobes o; the corolla Leaves opposite Ovary 2-several-celled. Stamens 2 or 4 Stamens 5, cells of the ovary 1-2-secdcd. Fruit separating into 4 nutlets Fruit a capsule Stamens 5, cells of the ovary several seeded. Stigma 1 Stigmas 2 Stigmas .'{ Ovary superior, liowcrs iir. j,Mil;ir. Ovary 1 -eel led. Fruit a legume Fruit a capsule Ovary 2-4-celled. (Jells each 1-seeded. Ovary di-eply 4-lobed Ovary not deeply lohed. Stamens 2 or 4 Stamens 8 118. Caprifoliaceae. 100. Loganiacece. 93. Ericaceae. 09. Oleacefe. 108. Verbenaceae. 118. Caprifoliacefe. 102. Apocynaceffi. lOo. Asclepiadaceae. 59. Miniosace?e. 95. Priinulace?e. ion. IIydioi)liyHace?e. 101. Gentianaceffi. 11(5. Plantagiuacca'. 107. Boraginacere. 104. Convohulacca'. no. Solanacca'. 100. LoganiaccHB. 105. PolLMiioiiiaceac. (»1. I'apiliniiarra'. 11 -J. Lciiiiliulaccai. 1(19. Lal)iata'. lOS. X'cibcnacfa'. C.T. Pulvualact'a'. 12 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. Cells each 2-several-seeded. Fruit with a long curved beak Fruit uot prominently beaked. Corolla lobes imbricated in the bud Corolla lobes convolute in the bud Ovary inferior. Flowers in an involucrate head. Juice milky Juice watery or resinous Flowers not in heads. Stamens 3. Leaves alternate .... Leaves opposite Stamens 4-5. Leaves alternate .... Leaves opposite or whorled 114. Marty niaceae. 111. Scrophulariacese. 115. Acanthaceae. 122. Cichoriaceae. 128. Compositae. 120. CucurbitacesB. 119. Valerianacere, 121. Campaiiiilaceae. 117. Rubiacese. CLASS I. GYMNOSPERM^. Plants without a closed ovary, style, or stigma ; seeds pro- duced between dry or fleshy scales which are borne in small spikes or clusters, and which form a cone or berry ; cotyle- dons usually three or more. 1. PINACEiE. PINE FAMILY. Trees or shrubs ; wood of disk-bearing tissue, without ducts ; juice resinous ; leaves mostly evergreen, filiform, linear or scale-like ; flowers monoecious or dioecious, destitute of calyx and corolla ; staminate flowers each consisting of a catkin-like spike, the stamens several in a cluster, with scale-like bracts; ovules solitary or several on the upper surface of a scale which usually has a small bract at its base, the scales matur- ing into a woody or papery cone or a fleshy berry. I. PINUS. Trees; leaves of two kinds, tlie earlier thin, chaffy, and scale-like, the later from the axils of the earlier, 2-5 in a cluster, their bases enclosed in a persistent, scarious sheatli, evergreen, needle-like, 1-15 in. long ; flowers monoecious ; staminate ones clustered at the base of shoots of the present season ; the stamen clusters arranged spirally, each in the axil of a scale-like bract ; filaments very short ; ])istillate flowers on twigs of tlie })revi()us season, in small clusters or sometimes solitary, consisting of deciduous bracts spirally arranged, and in the axil of each bract a scale bearing at its base on the ujiper surface two ovules ; scales becoming tliick- ened and woody, forming a cone at maturity ; seeds winged. 1. P. I'ALiTSTUis Mill. LoNG-LKAVKi) TiNK. A large tfoo ; bark thiii-scalt'd, \vf)f)(l vCLAS.S I. MOXOrOTYLEDOXS. Stems with the fibro-vaseular bundles scattered irregularly through the parenchyma mass, not in rings, no distinction between bark, wood, and i)ith ; leaves usually parallel-veined, alternate and entire ; parts of the flower usually in 3's or G's, never in 5's ; cotyledon single. 2. TYPHACEiE. CAT-TAIL FAMILY. Perennial marsh or acpiatic plants; rootstocdc stout, creep- ing; stem simple, terete, erect ; leaves simple, strap-shaped, sheathing at the base, nerved ami striate ; flowers monoecious, in a single terminal spike, staminate part of the spike u})per- most, each part subtended by spathe-like deciduous bracts ; 16 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. perianth of fine bristles ; staminate flowers sessile ; stamens 2-7 ; filaments connate, subtended by minute bracts ; pistil- late flowers short-pediceled ; ovary 1-2-celled ; styles 1-2 ; fruit small, nut like. TYPHA. Characters of the family. T. LATiFOLiA L. Cat-tail. Stem erect, jointed below, 5-8 ft. high ; leaves nearly as long as the stem, about 1 in. wide, reticulated and glaucous ; spike cylindrical, dark brown or black ; staminate and pistillate portions usually without any interval between them, each 4-8 in. long and about 1 in. in diameter ; fruit furrowed. June- August. Common in marshes and shallow ponds. 3. ALISMACEJE. WATER-PLANTAIN FAMILY. Annual or perennial marsh herbs, usually with creeping runners or rootstocks ; stems scapose ; leaves long-petioled, sheathing at the base ; petiole rounded; blade nerved, reticu- lated, or sometimes wanting ; flowers in racemes or panicles, perfect, monoecious, or dioecious ; pedicels in bracted whorls ; sepals 3, persistent, petals 3 or wanting; stamens 6 or more, ovaries few or many, 1-celled, 1-seeded ; style short or none ; fruit a 1-seeded achene. L ALISMA. Annual or perennial herbs, leaves erect or floating, blades prominently ribbed and reticulated, or even pinnately veined ; scapes erect, becoming longer than the leaves, terete, spongy ; flowers perfect, in paniculate 3-bracted umbels, small, white or pink ; stamens 6-9 ; ovaries numerous in one or more whorls on a flat receptacle ; fruit 1-seeded achenes which are ribbed on the back and sides. A. Plantago-aquatica L. Water Plantain. Perennial ; root fibrous ; leaves ovate or somewhat cordate, 5-7-nerved when erect, floating leaves narrower and sometimes linear ; scapes usually single ; panicle 1-2 ft. long ; flowering branches whorled, subtended by three narrow, striate bracts ; pedicels slender, elongated ; ovaries MONOCOTYLEDONS. 17 15-20 in a single whorl; base of the short style persistent, forming a beak at the inner angle of the achene ; achenes obliquely obovate, 2-3-keeled on the back. June-September. Common in ponds and muddy places. II. SAGITTARIA. Perennial; rootstocks mostly nodose or tnber-bearing; scapes erect or decumbent; leaves long-petioled, sheathing at the base, the blade nerved and reticulated or wanting ; liovvers monoecious or dioecious, racemed in 3-bracted whorls of 3's, the upper flowers usually staminate; sepals 3, persistent; petals 3, withering-persistent or deciduous ; stamens few or many ; ovaries in globose heads, 1-ovuled ; style short, per- sistent ; fruit a subglobose head of flattened achenes. 1. S. LATiFOLiA Willd. Broad-leaved Arkowhead. Leaves very variable in size and shape, from broadly sagittate to linear; those growing on the drier soil being usually the broader ; petioles 6-.30 in. long, scape smooth or slightly pubescent, 6-36 in. high; bracts acute ; flowers niona^cious or sometimes dioecious, white, 1 in. or more in width ; pedicels of the staminate flowers twice the length of those of the fertile flowers; filaments long, smooth, and slender; achenes compressed, obovate, winged ; beak nearly horizontal, rhme- September. Ditches and muddy places. 2. S. GRAMixEA ]VIichx. (iRASs-LEAVED Sagittaria. Leaves long-petioled, lanceolate, or elliptical, and acute at each end, 3-5- nerved, or often linear, tlie earlier often reduced to phyllodia; scape slender, usually longer than the leaves, simple, weak, often prostrate in fruit ; bracts small, ovate, connate at the base ; flowers monfecious or diiecious, on long, filiform pedicels, about ,\ in. wide; stamens 10-20, filaments pubescent, achenes obovate, wing-keeled, nearly beakless. May-October. In ditches and sliallow pools. 4. GRAMINE^. (HIASS FAMILY. Annual or perennial iierbs, sometimes slender trees ; stems rounded, often groovi'd on one sid(\ usually hollow, closed and enlarged at the nodes; leaves L'-ranked, with sheathing bases which are usually split on the side opposite the blade but are sonietinu's entire, the orifice of the sheatli usually crowned with a scarious ring callc(| a ligiile ; intloresccnce in 18 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. spikes, racemes, or panicles ; flowers in spikelets consisting of 2-ranked imbricated scales or glumes, the two lower usually empty, the others subtending the flower which is enclosed in a scale-like palet ; the upper flower in the spikelet often staminate or only an empty palet, or even an abortive pedicel ; flowers perfect or monoecious, rarely dioecious ; stamens 1-6, usually 3 ; ovule 1 ; styles 1-3, usually 2 ; seed a caryopsis or grain. A large family, of which there are more than 800 species in the United States, including corn, wheat, rye, oats, rice, sorghum, sugar cane, and many other culti- FiG. 210. — Diagram of Inflo- rescence of a Grass. g, sterile glumes ; Py, a flower- ing glume ; P^, a scaly bract (palet); e, transparent scales (lodicules) at the base of the flower ; B, the flower. Fig. 211. — Fescue-Grass {Festuca pratensis). A, spikelet (compare Fig. 210) ; B, a flower, the lodicules in fi'ont and the palea behintl ; C, a lodicule ; 1), ovary. vated sorts. The cane, Arundinaria iiiacrosperma^ is the only tree-like species found in this country. [The identification of the species is too difficult for the beginner, but the structure of the spikelets and the separate flowers may be learned by a study of Figs. 210, 211.] MONOCOTYLEDONS. 19 5. CYPERACEiE. SEDGE FAMILY. Annual or perennial herbs ; grass-like or rush-like ; stems mostly 3-angled, solid, leaves 3-ranked, grass-like, with closed sheaths ; flowers in spikes or spikelets, perfect or imperfect, Fig. 212. — Inflorescence, Flower and Seed of a Sedge. ((Jreut Bulru.sh, Scirpus lacustris.) 1, magnified flower, surrounded by a perianth of hypogjyious bristles ; 2, the seed ; 3, section of the seed, showing the small endjryo enclosed in the base of the albunien. each in the axil of a scale-like bract ; periantli often a row of minute scales or bristles ; stamens usually 3 ; ovary 1-celled, style 2-3-cleft or rarely simple ; fruit a flattened or 3-angled achene. 20 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. A large family, mostly growing in tufts in wet places, few species being of any value. Fig. 212 shows a common form of inflorescence, and an achene with its perianth of bristles. 6. SABALACEiE. PALM FAMILY. Trees or plants with woody creeping stems or nearly acau- lescent, leaves petioled, pinnate or palmate, plaited in the bud, flowers perfect or polygamous, on a spadix which is often branching or paniculate ; sepals and petals 3, more or less united, persistent ; stamens usually 6 ; ovary 3-celled, 3-ovuled ; styles 3, distinct or united, stigma entire, fruit a drupe or berry. I. SABAL. Stem short, erect, or decumbent, usually simple ; leaves long-petioled, nearly orbicular in outline, deeply parted, the divisions 2-cleft at the apex and often with thread-like fila- ments in the sinuses ; sheaths of the leaves usually of dry interlaced fibers ; spadix long and branching, with sheathing spathes at the joints ; flowers perfect, sessile, each in the axil of a small iDract; perianth cup-shaped ; petals distinct; stamens 6, filaments distinct ; styles 3, united, 3-angled ; stigma capitate, fruit a drupe. S. Andersonii Guerns. Dwarf Palmetto. Stem short, mostly buried in the earth ; leaves orbicular, glaucous, divisions slightly cleft at the apex, filaments few ; petiole usually shorter than the leaf, crescent-shaped in cross-section, edges smooth ; spadix erect, slender, taller than the leaves, 4-6 ft. high, paiiiculately much branched ; drupe black, globose, i in. in diameter. June-July, Low grounds, Central Louisiana to North Carolina and southward. IL SERENOA. Stems creeping, widely branched ; leaves orbicular, long- petioled, at the apex of the branches, divisions slightly cleft at the apex, thread-like filaments none ; spadix short, flowers perfect, sessile, bracted ; petals slightly united ; stamens 6, distinct ; style slender ; fruit a drupe. MONOCOTYLEDONS. 21 S. SERRULATA B. & H. Saw Palmetto. Steiiis creeping widely, often covering spaces 20 ft. in diameter ; leaves bright green ; petiole plano-convex in cross-section, toothed on the edges ; spadix much shorter than the leaves, densely tomentose ; style slender ; drupe ovoid or oblong, black, |-| in. long. May-July. On sandy soil near the coast. III. RAPHIDOPHYLLA. Stem short, thick, erect; leaves long-petioled, fan-shaped, deeply palmately divided, without filaments in the sinuses ; sheath persistent, soon dry and net-like, with numerous strong, erect, black spines; spadix branched, densely flowered; spathes 2-4-leaved; flowers yellowisli, bracted ; calyx 3-cleft ; petals distinct ; stamens 6-9, united at the base ; ovaries 3, more or less united ; drupes 1-3, 1-seeded. R. HYSTRix W. & D. Blue Palmetto. Stem short, erect, often proliferous; leaves triangular, fan-shaped to orbicular, very deeply cleft, the divisions 2-4:-toothed, blue-glaucous ; petioles mostly longer than the leaves, triangular in cross-section, rough-edged above ; spadix small, short-peduncled, widely branched, 6-12 in. long ; spathes woolly, partial spathes none; fruit an ovoid drupe, ^-| in. long. June-July. Low, shady woods. Central Mississippi to South Caro- lina and southward. 7. ARACEJE. ARUM FAMILY. Perennial herbs, mostly acaulescent, growing from a corm or a creeping rootstock; juice acrid; leaves simple or com- pound, usually long-petioled and netted-veined, but sometimes strap-shaped and parallel-veined ; flowers on a spadix, gener- ally enclosed in a spathe, usually the staminate above and the pistillate below, but in some species perfect or dioecious ; calyx and corolla wanting or the former of 4-6 small scales ; stamens 4-10, short; ovary 1-several-celled, 1-several'Ovules in each cell; stigma sessile; fruit indehiscent, a berry or utricle. I. ARISJEMA. Corms very acrid, black ; leaves usually 1-3, i)almately divided ; i)etioles long and sheathing the scape which bears 22 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. the spadix at its summit ; spatlie convolute below, usually dilated and arched above, withering persistent ; spadix bear- ing the monoecious or dioecious flowers at its base, the apex sterile and naked 5 perianth none ; stamens 4 in a whorl, nearly sessile ; ovaries 1-celled, 1-6-ovuled ; stigma sessile ; fruit a 1-few-seeded red berry. 1. A. TKiPHYLLUM (L.) Torr. Indian Turnip. Leaves 2, tri- foliate, leaflets sessile, oval or ovate, acuminate, entire, netted- veined ; petioles and scape 1-li ft. high ; flowers monoecious or dioecious ; spathe dilated above, arched over the top of the spadix, green with purple stripes on the inside ; spadix club-shaped, florif- erous below ; stamens very short ; ovaries crowded, ovules •1-6 ; fruit bright scarlet, forming an ovoid head about 1 in. long. March- April. In rich woods. 2. A. Dracontium (L.) Schott. Dragon Root. Corras several ; leaf usually solitary, petiole 1-3 ft. high, enclosed by membranous sheaths, leaf pedately divided into 7-15 segments which are nearly or quite sessile, oblong or oblanceolate, usually acute at the apex, entire or the lower ones lobed ; scape sheathed at the base, usually shorter than the petiole ; spathe light green, convolute, acuminate, 1-2 in. long ; spadix slender, tapering to a slender point, 4-7 in. long, flower-bearing only in the part enclosed by the spathe ; fruit reddish orange, 1-3-seeded, in a large ovoid head. March-April. In rich woods. II. PELTANDRA. Perennial marsh herbs with creeping rootstocks ; leaves sagittate, acute, entire, the base of the petioles sheathing the rootstock ; scape shorter than the petiole ; spathe elongated, thick and fleshy ; flowers monoecious, covering the entire spadix, staminate flowers above ; perianth none ; stamens 5-10, imbedded in a peltate, shield-like connective which finally shrivels so as to leave the anthers free ; ovaries im- bedded in the spadix, surrounded by a fcAV abortive stamens ; ovules 1 or few ; style short ; stigma capitate ; fruit 1-3-seeded, green or red berries forming a globose head partially enclosed by the base of the spathe ; seeds enclosed in a gelatinous P. YiRGiNiCA (L.) Kunth. Green Arrow-arum. Leaves sev- eral, sometimes 2 ft. long, prominently and finely veined with 2-3 intra-marginal nerves ; scape nearly as long as the petiole, recurved MONOCOTYLEDONS. 23 in fruit ; spathe green, lanceolate, convolute its entire length, longer than the spadix, the npper part withering ; berries green, 1-seeded. April-]\Iay. In marshes and wet woods. III. ORONTIUM. Perennial aquatic herbs, with stout rootstocks buried in the mud ; leaves petioled, oval, entire, nerved ; spathe enclos- ing the spadix only in the bud, soon deciduous ; flowers per- fect, yellow, covering the entire spadix ; sepals 4-6, scale-like ; stamens 4-6 ; ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled, stigma sessile ; fruit a green utricle. O. AQUATicuM L. Golden Club. Leaves ascending or floating, very dark green and velvety-looking above, paler beneath, petioles stout, 6-18 in. long ; scape stout, thickened above, curved, about as long as the petiole ; flowers bright yellow ; utricle depressed-globose, tuberculate above. March-April. In slow-flowing streams and shallow' ponds. 8. BROMELIACEiE. PINE-APPLE FAMILY. Herbs, mostly epiphytic or partly parasitic ; whole plant scurfy ; stem rigid or flexuous ; leaves very slender, often rigid ; flowers perfect, regular, spiked, panicled or solitary, bracted ; sepals 3, distinct or united ; petals 3, distinct or united ; stamens 6 ; ovary superior or inferior, 3-celled, pla- centae central, st3de 1, stigmas 3 ; fruit fleshy or a 3-celled, 3-valved, many-seeded capsule. TILLANDSIA. Epiy)hytic or partly parasitic herbs ; stem rigid and erect or flliform and pendulous; leaves slender, often flliform ; sepals rigid ; petals spreading above, claw long; stamens fili- form, hypogynous; ovary free, style slender; fruit a 3-valved, many-seeded capsule. T. rsNKoiDKS L. Spanish Moss. Perennial, epiphytic or partly parasitic ; stem filiform, brandling, gray-scurfy, with a black core like horsehair, 2-10 ft. long; leaves filiform, alternate in small fas- 24 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. cicles, sheathing at the base ; flowers axillary with conspicuous bracts ; sepals distinct or nearly so, green ; petals distinct, linear, recurved, greenish-yellow ; capsule linear, about 1 in. long, splitting into 3 valves ; seeds on a long funiculus which at maturity splits in a coma-like tuft. June-September. On living trees, more common southward. The hair-like core of the stem often used as a substitute for curled hair in making mattresses, cushions, etc. 9. COMMELINACEiE. SPIDERWORT FAMILY. Annual or perennial herbs, with viscid or mucilaginous juice ; stems somewhat succulent, jointed, leafy, simple or branched; leaves simple, succulent, narrow, entire, sheathing at the base, sheaths entire or split ; flowers in terminal cymes or umbels, perfect, often irregular ; sepals 3, persistent, foli- aceous or colored ; petals 3, fugacious or deliquescent ; stamens 6 or fewer, often some of them abortive ; ovary free, 2-3-celled, style single, stigma entire or 3-lobed ; fruit a 2-3-celled, 2-3- valved capsule ; seeds solitary or several in each cell. I. COMMELINA. Annual or perennial ; stem branching, erect or procumbent, smooth or pubescent; leaves petioled or sessile, entire, the floral ones cordate, folded and forming a spathe enclosing the base of the cyme ; flowers irregular ; sepals mostly colored, 1 of them smaller ; petals blue, unequal, 2 of them reni- form and long-clawed, the other smaller ; stamens 6, only 3 of them fertile, filaments smooth ; capsule 1-3-celled ; seeds 1-2 in each cell. 1. C. HiRTELLA Vahl. Bearded Dayflower. Stem stout, erect, 2-3 ft. high ; leaves lanceolate or oblong, acuminate, rough- hairy above, sheaths |-1 in. long, fringed with brown hairs ; spathes numerous, sessile or short-stalked ; petals nearly alike, the odd one smaller ; capsule 5-seeded ; seeds brown, smooth. August-September. In moist and shaded soil. 2. C. ViRGiNicA L. Virginia Dayflower. Stem erect, pubes- cent, 1-2 ft. high ; leaves lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, 3-5 in. long, somewhat rough above, sheaths inflated, hairy, the orifice often fringed ; spathes containing a viscid secretion ; flowers MONOCOTYLEDONS. 25 1 iu. wide, the odd petal lanceolate ; capsule 3-seeded, the dorsal cell indehisceiit. May-September. On moist sandy soil. II. TRADESCANTIA. Perennial ; stem simple or branched ; leaves very narrow ; flowers in terminal and axillary bracted nmbels, regular, 1 in. broad ; sepals 3, herbaceous ; petals 3, fugacious or deliques- cent ; stamens 6, sometimes 3 shorter than the others, fila- ments bearded or smooth ; ovary 3-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell ; pedicels recurved in fruit ; capsule 3-celledj 3-valved, 3-6-seeded. 1. T. ViRGiNiCA L. Spiderwort. Stem erect, stout, smooth or villous, 1-2 ft. high ; leaves linear, keeled, often purple-veined, long-acuminate, 1 ft. or more in length ; bracts similar to the leaves, umbels sessile, i-many-flowered, flowers in 2 rows in the bud ; petals blue or purple, twice as long as the sepals ; stamens blue, filaments densely bearded ; capsule ovoid or oblong. INIarch-June. On dry sandy soil. 2. T. PiLOSA Lehm. Hairy Spiderwort. Stem stout, erect or flexuous, branched, villous or nearly smooth, 1-2 ft. high ; leaves linear-oblong, acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base, pubes- cent on both sides ; umbels axillary and terminal, many-flowered ; pedicels and sepals villous with glandular hairs ; flowers blue or purple, f-1 in. wide ; seeds pitted. i\Iay-July. In rich soil. 10. PONTEDERIACEiE. PICKEKEL-WEED FAMILY. Perennial marsh or aquatic herbs ; stems simple or branched, succulent ; leaves simple, alternate ; flowers solitary or spiked, each subtended by a leaf-like spathe, perfect, mostly irregu- lar, perianth corolla-like, 6-parted ; stamens 3 or 6, unequal, inserted irregularly in the tube or tliroat of the perianth ; ovary free, style single, stigma entire or toothed ; ovary 1- or 3-celled ; fruit a 1-seeded utricle. PONTEDERIA. Stem erect, from a thick creeping rhizome, bearing a single leaf above the middle and several sheathing bract-like leaves 26 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. at its base, radical leaves numerous, thick, parallel-veined ; petiole long, from a sheathing base ; flowers in terminal spikes, perianth 2-lipped, lobes of the upper lip ovate, of the lower, oblong, spreading; stamens 6, the three upper short and often imperfect, the three lower exserted ; ovary 3-celled, but only 1 cell ovule-bearing; the 1-seeded utricle enclosed by the base of the perianth. P. coRDATA L. Pickerel-weed. Stem stout, erect, 2-4 ft. high ; leaves long, from cordate to lanceolate and often hastate, apex and basal lobes obtuse, finely nerved ; spike dense, 2-4 in. long, peduncles enclosed by the spathe ; perianth hairy, blue, the upper lip with two yellow spots, tube 6-ribbed, curved, rather longer than the lobes ; ovary oblong. June-September. In ponds and slow streams. 11. JUNCACEiE. RUSH FAMILY. Grass-like perennial or annual herbs, mostly growing on wet soil ; stems mostly erect but sometimes creeping, simple or branched, naked or leafy and jointed ; leaves terete, sheath- ing at the base, very slender and pointed or flattened and grass-like ; flowers in cymes or panicles which may be very loose and spreading, or so compact as to form a head, some- times with a rigid scape prolonged beyond the flower cluster ; flowers usually bracted, perianth of 6 nearly equal scale-like persistent divisions ; stamens 3 or 6, inserted on the base of the perianth ; ovary free, 1- or 3-celled, many-ovuled, style single, stigmas 3, usually hairy ; fruit a 1- or 3-celled, 3-many- seeded capsule. [Most species flower late in the season, and their identification is too difficult for one without considerable experience.] 12. MELANTHACEiE. COLCIIICUM FAMILY. Perennial herbs, usually from a stout rootstock ; stem simple or branched, leafy ; leaves parallel-veined, often with trans- verse veins, broad or narrow and grass-like ; flowers solitary, MONOCOTYLEDONS. 27 racemose, or panicled, regular, perfect, polygamous, or dioe- cious, perianth of 6 similar and usually distinct segments; stamens 6, rarely 9-12, inserted on the base of the perianth ; ovary free or nearly so, 3-celled, many-ovuled, styles 3, dis- tinct or partly united ; fruit a capsule, seeds usually winged or tailed. I. CHAM^LIRIUM. Rootstock short and thick, bitter ; stem simple, erect, leafy, glabrous ; lower leaves spatulate to obov^ate, the stem leaves narrower; flowers small, white, in a spike-like raceme, dioe- cious, perianth of 6 linear-spatulate segments ; stamens G, fila- ments longer than the perianth ; ovary 3-celled, styles 3 ; fruit an ovoid, 3-angled, many-seeded capsule. C. LUTEUM (L.) Gray. Uxicohx-root. Stem furrowed, stanii- nate plants 1-2 ft. high, pistillate taller, often 8 ft. or more; lower leaves ohovate, clustered, the upper small and bract-like ; staminate racemes slender and drooping, the pistillate erect ; flowers short pedi- celed ; capsule 3-valved, seeds linear-oblong, winged at the ends. May-June. On low ground. II. CHROSPERMA. Stem simple, glabrous, erect from a bulbous base ; leaves long and slender; flowers white, in a simple terminal raceme, perfect, perianth of 6 segments which are sessile and gland- less ; stamens G, inserted in the base of the perianth ; ovary 3-lobed, 3-celled; frnit a dehiscent 3-l()bed capsule, the lobes becoming subulate by the persistent style* bases ; cells few- seeded. C. MU8C.KTOXICUM (Walt.) Kunt/o. Fi.v Poison. Uull) ovoid or oblong ; stem somewhat an<;l«'(l below, 1 -o ft. lii^li ; lower leaves st rai>-shai>e(l, clianneled, the u])per small and bract-like; raceme d«,'nse, cvlinerianth segm(;nts ovate, white, l»ecoming greenish, nearly as long as the slender stamens; styles s]»readinL;' ; cajtside with divergent lobes; seeds ovoid, i-ed. Mav-dune. In rich w Is. 28 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. III. UVULARIA. Stem slender, branching, erect from a slender, creeping rootstock; leaves alternate, sessile, or perfoliate; flowers terminal, usually solitary, peduncled, drooping, perianth bell- shaped or funnelform, segments 6, distinct, with nectar-bear- ing glands at the base within, deciduous ; stamens 6, short ; ovary 3-lobed, 3-celled, style deeply 3-parted, stigmas spread- ing; fruit a 3-angled or 3-winged, dehiscent capsule, seeds 1-3 in each cell. 1. U. PERFOLIATA L. PERFOLIATE BeLLWORT. Stem gla- brous, pale green, forked or branched above the middle, 10-20 in. high ; leaves ovate or oblong, acute at the apex, perfoliate at the base, entire, glaucous beneath, the sides revolute when young ; flowers pale yellow, about 1 in. long, segments lanceolate, granular-roughened within ; stamens about the length of the style ; capsule obovoid, trun- cate, the angles grooved. April-May. In moist woods. 2. U. GRANDiFLORA Smith. Large-flowered Bellwort. Stem slender, nearly leafless below the fork, glabrous, 12-24 in. high ; leaves ovate or oblong, acute at the apex, perfoliate at the base, entire, smooth above, pubescent below^ ; flowers bright yellow, li in. long, segments linear-lanceolate, smooth within ; stamens longer than the styles ; capsule obovate, truncate, obtusely angled. April-May. In rich woods. More common northward. 3. U. SESSiLiFOLiA L. Sessilf:-lea VED Bellwort. Stem slender, erect, glabrous, few-leaved below the fork, 6-12 in. high; leaves lanceolate-oblong, thin, acute at each end, margins rough, smooth on both sides, sessile; flowers greenish-yellow, f in. long, perianth segments lanceolate, obtuse, smooth w ithin ; stamens shorter than the style ; capsule stalked, wing-angled. April-May. In rich woods. 13. LILIACEiE. LILY FAMILY. Herbs, or woody plants, the herbaceons species mostly from bulbs or corms ; leaves sessile or sheathing, parallel-nerved, but often with netted veins ; flowers clustered or solitary, per- fect, regular ; perianth corolla-like, 6-parted, rarely 4-parted, the segments distinct or partially united into a tube ; stamens 6, hypogynous or perigynons ; ovary 3-celled, many-ovuled, MONOCOTYLEDONS. 29 style 1, stigmas 3, distinct or united ; fruit a capsule or berry, few-many-seeded. Plants from fibrous roots. Stem herbaceous. Flowers in corymbs or jianicles Flowers in spikes . Stem woody .... Plants from corms Plants from bulbs. Bulbs coated. Flowers in umbels . Flowers in corymbs Bulbs scaly. Flowers solitary or in corymbs Flowers in spikes . I. Hemerocallis. VII. Aletris. VIII. Yucca. V. Erythronium. II. Allium. VI. Oniithogalum. IV. Lilium. III. llyacintlius. I. HEMEROCALLIS. Perennial, from a fascicle of fleshy roots ; stem erect, branched, glabrous ; leaves mostly basal and linear ; flowers on brandling scapes, large, yellow or orange, solitary or corymbed, perianth funnelform with a spreading limb mucli longer than the tube ; stamens 6, inserted in the top of the tube, shorter than the lobes, curved upward ; ovary 3-celled, many-ovuled, style longer than the stamens, curved upward, stigma capitate ; fruit a 3-celled, 3-angled capsule. II. FULVA L. Day Lily. Scapes stout, branclied above, with a few bract-like leaves, smooth, ii-.5 ft. liigh ; leaves very long, straiKshaped, acute, channeled ; Howers siiort-jiedicelod, tawny-yellow, perianth lobes oblong, netted-veiiiod, flowers lasting only one day. May-June. Introduced from Asia and connnon in old gardens. II. ALLIUM. Acaulescent her])s from coated bulbous roots with the characteristic odor of onions; bulbs solitary or clustered; leaves narrowly linear or sl{Muler-t\d)ular, glaucous ; flowers in terminal umbels on naked scapes, tlie umbels often bracted or enclosed in a sj);ithe, flowers small on slender ])(Mlieels, ])eriantli (>-f>;irt('d. jtei'sistent ; stamens (I, inserted on the base 30 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. of the perianth, filaments filiform or dilated below ; ovary sessile, 3-celled, style filiform, jointed, stigma entire ; fruit a 3-celled, 3-valved, few-seeded capsule. Flowers sometimes changed into bulblets. 1. A. C ANA DENSE L. Meadow Garlic. Bulbs ovoid, the outer coats of white and scarious reticulating fibers ; leaves narrowly linear, flat, or concave above ; scape terete, 1 ft. high ; bracts of the umbel 2-3, ovate, acuminate ; umbel consisting mostly of sessile bulblets ; the few flowers long-pediceled, rose-colored ; perianth about as long as the stamens, filaments dilated below ; capsule sliorter than the perianth, 6-toothed, seeds 2 in each cell. May-June. On n;oist soil. 2. A. MUTABiLE Michx. Wild Onion. Bulbs ovoid, solitary, or clustered, outer coat a network of slender fibers ; leaves very nar- row, concave ; scape erect, longer than the leaves, 1 ft. high ; umbel erect, many-flowered, bulblets few, bracts 3 ; perianth white or rose- colored, the segments acute, as long as the stamens ; capsule shorter than the perianth, not toothed, seeds 2 in each cell. Marcli-June. In dry, sandy soil. 3. A. STRIATUM Jacq. Striped Wild Onion. Bulbs clusterefl, outer coat membranaceous ; leaves linear, concave, striate on the hack ; scape 6-12 in. high; umbel 3-10-flowered, bracts 2, pedicels 1-2 in. long ; perianth nearly white, longer than the stamens, the outer seg- ments green-keeled on the back ; capsule not toothed, seeds several in each cell. March-April. Low pine barrens. III. HYACINTHUS. Acaulescent herbs from coated bulbs ; leaves linear, fleshy ; flowers in an erect spike, pediceled, bracted, perianth tubular below, lobed and spreading above ; stamens short, included ; style short, stigma capitate, ovary 3-celled, many-ovuled. H. orientalis L. Hyacinth. Leaves lance-linear, thick and fleshy, smooth ; scape erect, many-flowered ; segments united about half their length, white, blue, or red ; filaments very short ; ovary rarely maturing seed. January-March. Common in cultivation. lY. LILIUM. Perennial from scaly bulbs ; stem erect, leafy, usually tall and slender ; leaves sessile, scattered or whorled ; flowers MONOCOTYLEDONS. 31 large, erect, or drooping, perianth corolla-like, deciduous, seg- ments 6, spreading or recurved above, sessile or clawed, each with a nectariferous groove near the base ; stamens 6, elon- gated, anthers linear, versatile ; ovary o-celled, many-ovuled, style long and slender, stigma 3-lobed ; fruit a 3-celled, dehis- cent, many-seeded capsule. 1. L. Catp:sb.ei Walt. Soutukkn Red Lily. Bulbs small, scales narrow, leaf-bearing ; stem slender, 1-2 ft. high ; leaves scattered, linear, or linear-huiceolate, obscurely nerved, 1-2 in. long ; flowers solitary, terminal, scarlet with yellow and purple markings, segments lanceolate, acute, spreading, wavy-margined, long-clawed, the margins of the claws involute ; capsnle oblong, nearly terete. July-August. Low pine barrens. 2. L. Caroliniaxum JMiclix. Carolina Lily. Bulbs globose, on short rootstocks, scales fleshy ; stem slender, 2-^3 ft. high ; leaves scattered or sometimes whorled, oval, or oblanceolate, acute or obtuse at the apex, narrowed below, faintly 3-nerved ; flowers 1-3, nodding on long pedinicles, perianth segments orange-red and purple-spotted, lanceolate, acute, the edges involute, strongly recurved ; capsule ol)Ovoid. June-July. In dry woods. ■\. L. TKiRixuM Andr. Tiger Lily. Bulb solitary, large, scales lanceolate, fleshy ; stem erect, stout, often purple or Itlack, smootli ])elow, pubescent above, 2-5 ft. high ; leaves very numerous, alter- nate, smootli, or slightly pubescent, 5-nerved, often with Mack or purplish bulblets in the axils ; flowers numerous, orange-red with black or pur])le spots, nodding, segments lanceolate, pubescent, strongly recurved. May-August. Introduced from China and com- mon in gardens. V. ERYTHRONIUM. Low herbs, from scal}^ corms ; stem simple, bearing 2 un- equal leaves below the middle ; flowers solitary, wliite or yellow, nodding, bractless, ])eriantli segments (>, distinct, lan- ceolate, or oblong, sju'cading, with a nectariferous groove, deciduous; stamens (5, slender, shorter tlian the jierianth ; ovary sessile, 3-c(dled, nniny-ovnbMl, style slender, i.iiiekened above, 3-lobed; fruit a .'J-angled cajjsule. E. AMEincANTM Kcr. Vi mow I )(>(;- room \|(U.i:t. ('(»rm dee]) in the ground, thus making (he leaves often ai>pear radical; It-aves ellijttical or oldanceolate, thick, acute at each end, entire, smooth, UMiallv mottIt'«l with ligiit and dark gn-rn. and purple; 32 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. peduncle about as long as the leaves ; flowers 1 in. long, yellow, sometimes spotted with purple, the 8 inner perianth segments 2- toothed at the base ; style club-shaped, capsule obovate, seeds ovoid, with a membranous appendage at the apex. February-March. In rich woods. VI. ORNITHOGALUM. Acaulescent herbs from coated bulbs ; leaves linear, fleshy ; scape erect ; flowers in corymbs or racemes, bracted ; perianth segments 6, white, nerved, persistent ; stamens 6, hypogynous, slender, filaments flattened ; ovary sessile, 3-celled, few-ovuled, fruit a roundish, 3-angled capsule, seeds black. 0. UMBELLATUM L. Star OF Bethlehem. Bulb ovoid, mem- branous-coated ; leaves numerous, linear, fleshy, as long as the scape, mid-vein nearly white ; scape slender, 6-12 in. high ; flowers opening in sunshine, long-pediceled ; bracts linear-lanceolate, about as long as the pedicels ; perianth segments oblong-lanceolate, white with a green stripe on the back, twice the length of the stamens. April-June. Introduced from Europe ; very common about old gardens. VII. ALETRIS. Perennial from fibrous and bitter roots ; stems erect and scape-like ; basal leaves in a rosulate cluster, lanceolate ; stem leaves small and bract-like ; flowers in a terminal, bracted spike ; perianth oblong or tubular, rough and viscid without, smooth within, 6-parted, the tube adherent to the ovary ; stamens 6, short, included, inserted at the top of the tube ; ovary 3-celled, many-ovuled, style subulate, persistent, stig- mas 3, fruit an ovoid, 3-cened, many-seeded capsule, seeds ovate, ribbed. 1. A. FARiNOSA L. CoLic-ROOT. Basal leaves numerous, lanceo- late or elliptical, acuminate at the apex, sessile, pale yellowish-green ; stem scape-like, furrowed or striate, 2-3 ft. high ; spike rigid, 4-12 in. long, flowers pediceled, bracted, perianth cylindrical, white, or the spreading lobes yellowish ; style slender, 3-cleft, capsule ovoid, longer than the perianth. May-June. On damp pine barrens. 2. A. AUREA Walt. Yellow Colic-root. Basal leaves numer- ous, ovate-lanceolate, very acute, narrowed into a short petiole ; stem nearlv smooth, 2-3 ft. high ; raceme 1-2 ft. long, slender ; flowers MONOCOTYLEDONS. 33 scattered, pedicels very short, perianth yellow, globose-ovate, with broad obtuse lobes ; style short, obscurely 3-cleft, capsule ovate, about as long as the perianth. May-June. I^ow, sandy soil. VIII. YUCCA. Plants with woody and leafy stems, leaves numerous, rigid, spine-pointed, persistent ; flowers in large terminal racemes or panicles, bracted, nodding ; perianth campanulate or bell- shaped, segments 6, nearly alike, deciduous ; stamens 6, fila- ments thickened above, often papillose, anthers small ; ovary sessile, 3-celled, or becoming 6-celled, o-angled, many-ovuled, fruit an oblong, 3-angied, many-seeded, dehiscent capsule, or fleshy and indeliiscent. 1. Y. ALOiFOLiA L. Aloe-leavp.d Yucca. Stem erect, 3-G in. in diameter, brauclied, rough with tiie transverse leaf-scars, 4-8 ft. high ; leaves rigid, liuear-lanceolate, strongly spine-pointed, rough on the uiargiu, the older leaves reflexed ; panicle short, smooth, densely flowered, 12-18 in. long; periauth white, sometiuies tinged with purple ; capsule pulpy, G-augled, indehisceut. JMay-fJune. ()u sandy soil, luore conimou near the coast. 2. Y. i-iLAMENTOSA L. SpAxisii Dagger. Stpui stout, 4-12 in. high ; leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, slender-pointed, narrowed al)Ove the spreading aud clasping base, spreading or recurved, smooth, with loose, thread-like filaments on the margins ; panicle elongated, with bract-like leaves on the scape, widely l)rauched, pubescent above, o-O ft. high ; perianth white, bell-shaped, 2 in. wide ; capsule oblong, angles rounde, hypogynous or inserted on the perianth; ovary Iree, 2 .'{-celled, ovules few oi' many, style long or sliort, stigmas mostly iMobed ; fruit a berry. 34 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. I. ASPARAGUS. Stem from fleshy fibrous roots, erect, branched, branches slender, with filiform branchlets in the axils of scales which take the place of leaves ; flowers small, solitary or racemed, perianth 6-parted, segments distinct or slightly united; stamens 6, perigynous, filaments filiform ; ovary 3-celled, 6-ovuled, style short, slender, stigmas 3, recurved ; fruit a globose berry. A. OFFICINALIS L. Asparagus. Stem succulent and simple with fleshy scales when young, becoming taller, more woody and widely branched when old ; leaves short, filiform ; flowers axillary, solitary, or 2 or 3 together on slender, jointed, drooping pedicels, greenish, segments linear ; berry red, few-seeded. May-August. Introduced from ICurope, common in cultivation, and often escaped. 11. POLYGONATUM. Rootstock creeping, jointed, scarred; stems simple, erect, scaly below, leafy above ; leaves alternate, oval or oblong ; flowers on axillary, 1-4-flowered, drooping, jointed peduncles, perianth tubular, 6-cleft ; stamens 6, included, inserted about the middle of the tube ; anthers sagittate ; ovary 3-celled, many-ovuled, style slender, stigmas capitate or 3-lobed ; fruit a few-seeded berry. 1. P. BiFLORUM (Walt.) Ell. Hairy Solomon's Seal. Stem simple, erect, arched, nearly naked below, 1-2 ft. high ; leaves 2-rankecl, sessile or clasping, 3-7-nerved, smooth above, pale and pubescent beneath ; peduncles short, 1-4- often 2-flowered, perianth greenish, ^ in. long ; filaments filiform, roughened ; berry dark blue. April-May. Shady banks. 2. P. coMMUTATUM (R. & S.) Dictr. Smooth Solomon's Seal. Stem simple, stout, curving above, 3-8 ft. high ; leaves lanceolate to ovate, many-nerved, partly clasping, smooth on both sides ; peduncles nearly half as long as the leaves, 2-6-flowered ; perianth greenish yellow, I in. long ; filaments smooth ; berry blue, i in. in diameter. May-June. In rocky woods and along streams. III. MEDEOLA. Rootstock horizontal, fleshy; stem simple, erect; leaves in two whorls ; flowers perfect, in a sessile umbel ; j^erianth MONOCOTYLEDONS. 35 greenish-yellow, segments 6, distinct, deciduous ; stamens 6, liypogynous, filaments slender, smooth ; ovary 3-celled, many- ovuled, styles 3, slender, recurved ; fruit a globose berry. M. ViRGiNiANA L. Indian Cucumbkr-koot. Stem clothed with loose deciduous wool, erect, 1-2 ft. high ; the lower whorl of 0-8 sessile, ohloug-lanceolate, acuminate, 3-5-nerved leaves, the upper whorl of 3-4, ovate, sessile or short-petioled leaves ; flowers 2-8, nod- ding, becoming ascending in fruit ; perianth segments i-i in. long, obtuse ; styles red, berry dark purple. May- June. Shady banks and moist woods. IV. TRILLIUM. Perennial, from tuberous rootstocks ; stem simple, erect ; leaves 3, wdiorled at the summit of the stem ; flower terminal, solitary, peduncled or sessile, perfect ; perianth of 6 leaves, the 3 outer green, persistent, the 3 inner colored and petal- like, deciduous or persistent ; stamens 6, liypogynous, fila- ments short ; ovary sessile, G-ribbed, 3-celled, many-ovuled, styles 3, slender, recurved, persistent; fruit a subglobose, many-seeded purple berry. 1. T. SEssiLK L. Sessilk-flowp:rkd Wake-robin. Kootstock erect or ascending, corm-like ; stem slender, 1-8 in. high ; leaves l)roadly oval, obtuse or acute at the apex, rounded and sessile at the base, 3-5-nerved, smooth, bright green, not mottled ; flowers sessile, sepals lanceolate, |-1 in. long, petals purple, elliptical, about the length of the sepals ; stamens half the length of the petals ; styles elongated, straight. April-ALiy. In rich woods. 2. T. I'ndekwoodii Small. Underwood's Wake-robin. Root- stock horizontal, stem stout, 4-12 in. high ; leaves ovate-lanceolate to broadly ovate, acute or short acuminate at the apex, rounded and sessile at the base, wavy on the margins, 3-r)-nerved, glabrous, prominently mottled with different shades of green ; flowers sessile, sepals lanceolate, 1.2-2 in. long, often purplish green, petals purple, lanceolate to ohlanceolate, 2-3 in. long; stamens ]-' tiie length vi the petals, style very short, stigmas recurved ; fruit an ovoid herry. Aj)ril-May. In rich woods. 3. T. (jrandiflortm (Michx.) Salish. Large-elowekkd Wake-kobin. Kootstock horizontal, stem slender, 12-18 in. higii ; leaves rhombic-ovate, acuminate at the ajx'X, rounded ami sessile or slightly peduncl('er- sistent, ])erianth segments lanceolate, spreading or recurved, shorter than the tube; stamens exserted, filaments ]>urple ; ovary ;;-«'elled, :j-() ovuled, style slender, purple, stigma truncate, capsule indehis- cent, l-(5-seeded, seeds large, eorm-like. May-September. Kiver banks and swam[»s. IV. AGAVE. Kootstocks short and thick, tuberous; leaves mostly basal, fleshy, with a toothed or spiny nnirgin ; scape tall, with leaf- 40 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. like bracts; flowers in simple or panicled spikes, perfect, bracted ; perianth tubular-funnel form, 6-lobed, persistent ; stamens 6, inserted at the base of the perianth, exserted, anthers versatile ; ovary 3-celled, 3-lobed, many-ovuled, style filiform, exserted, stigma 3-lobed, fruit a 3-celled, 3-valved, many-seeded, dehiscent capsule, seeds compressed. A. ViRGiNiCA L. False Aloe. Whole plant smooth and glau- cous ; leaves lanceolate, thick, long, acuminate and spine-pointed, sparingly denticulate, surface often mottled ; scape erect, simple, very white-glaucous, 3-5 ft. high ; spike simple, flowers greenish- yellow, perianth tubular, strongly nerved, about 1 in. long, lobes short, slightly spreading ; filaments and style spotted, capsule coria- ceous, 3-lobed at the apex, seeds shiny. June-August. In dry soil. A. Americana L., the century plant, is often cultivated for orna- ment in the southern section. V. HYPOXIS. Low herbs ; rootstock short, tuberous ; leaves grass-like ; scape naked, bearing a few yellow flowers in a bracted umbel, perianth 6-parted, spreading, persistent, the outer segments green on the outside, tube short ; stamens 6, inserted at the top of the tube, short, unequal ; ovary 3-celled, many-ovuled, style short and thick, stigmas 3, fruit a top-shaped, many- seeded capsule, the upper portion with the withered perianth falling off at maturity, seeds globose, black, beaked by their persistent stalks. H. HiRSUTA (L.) Coville. Star-grass. Leaves linear, grass-like, channeled above, hirsute or woolly, becoming longer than the scape ; scapes 1-4, slender, somewhat flattened, usually smooth below and hairy above, 3-6 in. high ; bracts subulate, shorter than the unequal, hairy pedicels ; perianth segments oblong, obtuse, yellow within, green and hairy without, stamens unequal, longer than the style ; capsule several-seeded, seeds angled. March-July. Common on low ground. VI, LOPHIOLA. Perennial herbs from slender rootstocks ; stem leafy ; leaves linear and rigid ; inflorescence in a terminal, woolly, cymose panicle ; flowers small, yellow, woolly without, perianth 6- MONOCOTYLEDONS. " 41 lobed, the tube adherent to the lower part of the ovary, lobes spreading ; stamens 6, inserted on the lower part of the peri- anth lobes, filaments slender, short ; ovary 3-celled, many- ovuled, style slender, erect, persistent, shorter tlian the stamens; fruit a o-ribbed, 3-furrowed capsule ; seeds oblong, ribbed. L. Americana (Pursh) Coville. Lopuiola. Stem erect, rigid, smooth below, branched and woolly above ; basal leaves linear, sword- shaped, eqiiitant, upper leaves scattered, smaller ; panicle very wliite- woolly, becoming broad in fruit; perianth segments linear-oblong, with a tuft of wool at the base witliin ; capsule shorter than tlie perianth, ovoid. June-August. Wet pine barrens. 18. IRIDACEJE. IRIS FAMILY. Perennial herbs from bulbs or rootstocks ; leaves 2-raiike(l, equitant ; flowers perfect, regular or irregular, each subtended by two bracts ; perianth 6-parted, the tube adherent to the ovary, the segments in 2 series of 3 each, equal, or the inner ones smaller ; stamens 3, distinct or united, opposite the outer segments ; ovary forming a 3-celled, 3-angled, 3-valved, many- seeded, dehiscent capsule. I. IRIS. Kootstock thick, creeping, branching, horizontal, sometimes tuberous ; stems erect, simple or branched ; leaves linear or sword-shaped ; flowers showy, the outer perianth segments spreading or recurved, often bearded witliin, the inner seg- ments usually smaller and erect ; stamens inserted in the base of the outer segments ; tlie style deeply 3-])art(Ml, the divisions broad and petal-like, covering the stanuMis; fruit an oblong or oval, 3 or ()-anglt;d, many-seeded capsule. 1. I. vp:rsic()Loii L. Laiuh-: ]\\ae Fi.ac. Rootstock thick, hori- zontal; stem terete, smooth, simple or branched, leafy, 2-'-) ft. liigh ; leaves linear-sword-shajH'd, finely-nerved, glaucous, the lower l.\-L* ft. long, the upper short«'r ; brads longer than the j)edicels ; llowers terminal, single or few together, hlue variegated with white, yellow, and puri)le, ])eri:nitli segments not i>i'itrde(l. the inner ones snuiUer; 42 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. the 3-angled ovary longer than the inflated perianth tube, capsule oblong, slightly lobed, seeds in 2 rows in each cell. April-May. In wet places. 2. I. HEXAGONA Walt. SOUTHERN Blue Flag. Rootstock thick ; stem terete, erect, usually simple, 2-3 ft. high ; leaves linear, sword-shaped, as long as the stem, green.; flowers axillary and ter- minal, deep blue, variegated with white, yellow, and purple, outer segments not bearded, often 4 in. long, inner segments smaller ; peri- anth tube longer than the ovary ; stigmas much longer than the stamens, cut-toothed at the apex, capsule oblong-cylindrical, 6-angled. April-May. In wet ground. 3. I. Germanica L. Fleur-de-lis. Rootstock thick, matted ; stem stout, branched, leafy, 2-3 ft. high ; leaves strap-shaped, acute, erect, shorter than the stem, bracts scarious ; flowers sessile, large and showy, blue, variegated with white and yellow, sometimes nearly all white, outer segments large, recurved, bearded, the inner narrower, erect, or arched inward. April-]\Iay. Introduced from Europe ; com- mon in gardens and naturalized in many places. 4. I. FULVA Ker, Yellow^ Flag. Rootstock fleshy ; stem sim- ple or branched, striate, 1-angled below, bearing 2-3 leaves, 2-3 ft. high ; leaves linear, sword-shaped, glaucous, shorter than the stem, bracts small ; pedicels short, flowers axillary and terminal, dull yel- low or reddish-brown, variegated with blue and green, perianth seg- ments not bearded ; style branches but little exceeding the stamens, ovary about as long as the inflated perianth tube, capsule ovate, 6-angled. April-May. Swamps and wet places. II. SISYRINCHIUM. Perennial, tufted herbs ; stems erect, simple, or branched, flattened, 2-edged or winged ; leaves linear and grass-like 5 flowers small, blue, in terminal, umbellate, 2-bracted clusters, perianth corolla-like, tube short or none, segments 6, equal, strongly aristate ; stamens 3, monadelphous ; ovary 3-celled, many-ovuled, style short, the branches long, filiform, and in- volute, alternate with the stamens ; fruit a 3-valved capsule, seeds smooth or pitted. 1. S. graminoides Bickn. Blue-eyed Grass. Stem slender, broadly wing-margined, usually 2-branched above, 10-20 in. high ; leaves very slender and grass-like, shorter than the stem, the edges roughened ; bracts about 1 in. long, the outer one sometimes the longer ; umbels 2-4-flowered, pedicels slender, longer than the bracts, MONOCOTYLEDONS. 43 flowers bright blue, segments cuneate, slightly pubescent without ; capsule globose, seeds black, pitted. April^June. Grassy meadows and dry soil. 2. S. Atlanticum Bickn. Eastern Blue-eyed Grass. Tufted, stems slender, sharply 2-edged, weak and often decumbent, finally few-branched, G-18 in. high ; leaves pale, glaucous, much shorter than the stem ; bracts nearly equal, often somewdiat scarious and purple-tinged ; flowers bright blue, perianth minutely pubescent without, pedicels erect, about as long as the bracts ; capsule ovoid, seeds ovoid, dull black, smooth or minutely pitted. April-June. On moist, sandy soil. 19. ORCHIDACEiE. ORCHIS FAMILY. Perennial herbs, roots bulbous, tuberous, corm-like, or fibrous ; stems sim[)le, leafy, or soa])ose ; leaves simi)le, mostly alteriuite, sheathing, entire, smooth, or rarely pubes- cent, those on the stem often small and bract-like ; flowers solitary, spiked or racemed, usually showy, perfect, very irregular; perianth G-parted, segments united below and coherent wdth the ovary, the 3 outer divisions sepal-like and similar ; two of the inner segments similar, the third, which is structurally the posterior segment, though often becoming anterior by the twisting of the ovary, very variable in form, sometimes forming a large pouch, often dilated and fringed, and usually forming a knob, or even a long and slender s})ur near the base ; stamens 3, rarely 2, united with the style to form an irregular column, only one or two of them jinther- bearing; anthers 2-celled, i)ollen grains eoliering in 2 S waxy or powdery masses (pollinia) attaclied to a viscid gland at the base ; ovary usually (dongated, l-c(dled, witli '>-i)arietal i)la- centie ; fruit a .3-valved, many-seeded, dehiscent capsule, seeds minute, covered witli a loose, nu'mbranous coat. [Most of till' si)0('ics flower late in tlie season, and tlicii- cla.«;silication is based prinrii)ally on the nuniber and character of the antlii'is and poUinia.J 44 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. SUBCLASS 2. DICOTYLEDONS. Stems with distinct bark, wood, and pith ; fibrovascular bundles in rings ; leaves netted-veined ; parts of the flower mostly in 5's, rarely in 3's or C's ; cotyledons 2. 20. SAURURACEJE. LIZARD-TAIL FAMILY^ Perennial herbs ; stems jointed ; leaves simple, alternate, entire, with sheathing stipules ; flowers perfect, in bracted, terminal spikes or racemes ; perianth none, stamens 4-8, hypogynous ; ovaries 3-5, more or less united, ovules few ; styles 3-5 ; fruit a few-seeded capsule, or somewhat fleshy. SAURURUS. Characters of the family. S'. CERNUUS L. Lizard-tail. Stem erect, from a slender root- stock, forked above, pubescent when young, becoming smooth, 2-4 ft. high ; leaves cordate to ovate, strongly 5-9-ribbed, acute or acu- minate at the apex, on stout petioles ; spikes slender, drooping at the apex, closely flowered, peduncled ; flowers white, fragrant, bracted ; stamens spreading, filaments club-shaped ; fruit somewhat fleshy, of 3-4 carpels, each carpel 1-2-seeded. May- August. In marshes and muddy places. 21. JUGLANDACEiE. WALNUT FAMILY. Trees with alternate, odd-pinnate leaves without stipules ; flowers monoecious, the staminate in long and drooping aments, stamens few or many, calyx 2-6-parted ; the fertile solitary or in small clusters, calyx 3-5-lobed, minute petals sometimes present, ovary 1-celled or incompletely 2-4-celled ; fruit a drupe with a dry exocarp enclosing a bony endocarp or nut. DICOTYLEDONS. 45 I. JUGLANS. Staminate aments cylindrical, solitary, borne on wood of the previous year, stamens numerous, filaments short, calyx 4-6-parted ; pistillate flowers single or a few together on a short peduncle at the base of the growth of the season ; calyx 4-parted, petals 4, minute, adnate to the ovary ; styles 2, short, plumose, fruit large, globose or oval, exocarp tibrous-fleshy, becoming dry, indehiscent, endocarp bony, very rough. 1. J. NIGRA L. Black Walnut. Leaflets 13-21, ovate-lanceo- late, serrate, acuminate, somewhat cordate or oblique at the base, nearly smooth above, pubescent beneath, petioles minutely downy ; fruit Aisually single, globose, about 2 in. in diameter. April-May. On rich soil, rare near the coast. One of the most valuable of our native trees, the wood being very durable and highly prized for cabi- net work. 2. J. ciNEREA L. Butternut. Leaflets 15-19, ovate-lanceo- late, acuminate at the apex, rounded or slightly inefjuilateral at the base, serrate, downy beneath ; petioles, branchlets, and fruit viscid- pubescent ; fruit often in small clusters, oblong. April-May. More connnon northward. Wood less valuable and nut less oily tlian Black Walnut. The English Walnut (./. rer/id) is occasionally seen in cultivation. It has 7-11 leaflets and a nearly smooth endocarp. II. HICORIA. Leaflets serrate; staminate aments usually in 3's on a common peduncle, or sometimes sessile at the base of the growth of the season ; calyx 2-3-parted, stamens 3-10, flla- monts short ; pistillate flowers 2-5 in terminal clusters, calyx 1 -parted, petals none, styles 2 or 4, fimbriate ; fruit sub- lobose, exocarp sei)arating nn)re or less comidetely into \ vjilves, endocar}) snH)otli or anghMl. & 1. II. rKCAN (Marsh) liritt. 1'i:es('ent, nearly glabrous when mature ; leaflets 11-1."), oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, falcate ; slaniinate aments nearly sessile, .")-() in. long; exocarj* thin, nut oval or oblong, tliin-sliellt'd. Marcli-Ajiril. Kiver-hottoms. Karely native east of the Mi»is,>ii.|>i llivrr, ImiI \siex. roundeil or sub-cordate at th(^ base, serrate with obtus(^ teeth, densely tomen- tose when young, but becoming smooth with age; petioles terete; pistillate aments smooth, erect or spreading, loosely flowered ; capsule ovoid, usually shorter tlian the ])edicel. March -Ajtril. Coinnion in river swamps. A large tree with soft, light wood, which i>; often used in making cheap fm iiitwri'. 48 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. II. SALIX. Shrubs or trees, branches usually very slender, buds with single scales ; leaves usually long and narrow ; stipules some- times leaf-like or often small and soon deciduous ; bracts of the aments entire ; staminate aments erect or drooping, stami- nate flowers with 2-10, mostly 2, distinct or united stamens ; pistillate aments usually erect, flowers with a small gland on the inner side of the bract, stigmas short, 2-lobed ; capsule 2-valved. 1. S. NIGRA Marsh. Black Willow. Leaves eUiptical or nar- rowly lanceolate, acute at each end, serrate, short-petioled, downy when young and becoming smooth with age, 2-3 in. long ; stipules persistent or deciduous ; staminate aments 1-2 in. long ; the pistil- late 2-4 in. long ; stamens 3-7, distinct, filaments pubescent below ; capsule twice the length of the pedicel, ovate, acuminate, pointed by the prominent style. March-April. A small tree with very brittle branches. Along streams and borders of marshes. 2. S. Babylonica L. Weeping Willow. Leaves narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, slightly downy when young and becoming smooth with age, green above, pale beneath, often 5-7 in. long, petioles short, glandular ; aments on short lateral branches ; stamens 2, style almost none, capsule sessile, glabrous. March- April. Introduced and cultivated for ornament, becoming a large tree. 24. BETULACE;E. birch FAMILY. Trees or shrubs, with alternate, simple, petioled leaves with usually deciduous stipules ; monoecious flowers in cylindrical or subglobose aments, staminate aments drooping ; flowers 1-3 in the axil of each bract, calyx none, or membranous and 2-4-parted ; stamens 2-10, distinct ; pistillate aments drooping, spreading, or erect and spike-like ; flowers with or without a calyx, ovary solitary, 1-2-celled, ovules 1-2 in each cell; fruit a 1-celled nut or samara. I. CARPINUS. Trees with thin, straight- veined leaves, which are folded in the bud ; flowers expanding before the leaves ; staminate DICOTYLEDONS. 49 flowers in slender, drooping aments sessile at the end of the growth of the previous season ; stamens 3-12, subtended by a bract, filaments forked, anthers hairy ; pistillate aments spike-like, each pair of flowers subtended by a deciduous bract, and each flower by a persistent bractlet which becomes large and leaf-like in fruit ; ovary 2-celled, 2-ovuled ; stigmas 2, filiform ; fruit a small angular nut. C. Caroliniana Walt. Hornbeam. A small tree with smooth and close gray bark ; twigs slender ; leaves ovate-oblong, acute or acuminate, sharply and doubly serrate, the straight veins terminat- ing in tlie larger serrations ; downy when young and soon becoming smooth; staminate aments 1-1^ in. long; pistilhite aments long- peduncled, 8-12-flowered ; bractlets becoming nearly 1 in. long, cut- toothed, the middle tooth much longer than the others. February- March. In rich, moist woods. Often known as '• blue beech " and " iron wood." II. OSTRYA. Small trees, with dark bark and very hard wood ; leaves open and concave in the bud and somewliat plaited on the veins ; staminate flowers on slender, drooping aments sessile at the end of the growth of the previous season ; stamens 3-12, subtended by a bract, filaments forked, authers liairy ; pistillate flowers surrounded by a tubular bractlet wliicli becomes large and bladder-like at maturity ; fruit a small, pointed, smooth nut ; nuiture anient hop-like. (). Vjr(;iniana (Mill) Willd. A small tree with brownish, fur- rowed l)ark ; leaves ovate, acute, doubly serrate, oltcu ine(|uilaleral at the bas«% short-petioled ; staminate and fertile aments 2-;> in. long. Fehruary-March. Mature iruit »Iun<*-rJuly. In rich woods. Often known as " iron wood" and "lever wood." III. CORYLUS. Shrubs with ])r()inin('ntly vcinrd, cut-toothed leaves which are folded lengthwise in the bud, and with the flowers expand- ing before the leaves ; staminate Howers in slender, drooping aments; stamens 8, anthers 1-celled ; fertile flowers several in a (duster or in very short anuMits at the ends of the twigs of the season ; ovary incompletely 2-c(dled, style short, stig- 50 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. mas 2, bractlets 2, becoming enlarged and enclosing the single bony nut at maturity. C. Americana Walt. Hazel-nut. A shrub 4-7 ft. high, young twigs and petioles covered with brownish, viscid hairs ; leaves round-cordate, acute or acuminate, irregularly toothed, nearly smooth above, pubescent below ; involucre longer than the nut and enclos- ing it, glandular-hairy ; nut subglobose, pointed, edible. February- March. On rich soil, borders of meadows and fields. IV. BETULA. Trees with slender, aromatic twigs and thin, usually straight- veined leaves ; staminate aments drooping, flowers usually 3 in the axil of each bract, stamens 4, short, anthers 1-celled ; pistillate aments erect, flowers 2 or 3 in the axil of each bract ; ovary sessile, 2-celled, styles 2 ; bracts 3-lobed ; perianth none; nut broadly winged. 1. B. NIGRA L. Black Birch. A medium-sized tree with reddish-brown bark ; leaves rhombic-ovate, acute at the apex, acute or obtuse at the base, sharply and doubly serrate, white-downy below, becoming smoother with age, petioles short ; staminate aments 2-3 in. long ; pistillate aments l-lg^ in. long, peduncles short, bracts nearly equally 3-cleft, woolly. j\larch- April. River banks. 2. B. LENTA L. Cherry Birch. Leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, acute, cordate, finely and doubly serrate, silky when young ; petioles about ^ in. long ; staminate aments clustered, 3-4 in. long ; pistillate aments sessile, about 1 in. long, cylindrical bracts spreading, acute, smooth. March- April. River banks, especially in the northern dis- tricts. A large tree with aromatic twigs. The oil contained in the bark and twigs is distilled and used as a substitute for wintersreen. V. ALNUS. Shrubs or small trees ; leaves petioled, serrate ; flower buds stalked, appearing the previous season ; staminate aments racemed, drooping flowers 3-6 in the axil of each bract, sub- tended by 1-2 bractlets, perianth 4-parted, stamens 4, fila- ments short ; pistillate aments erect, flowers 2-3 in the axil of each bract, perianth replaced by 2-4 minute bractlets which are adherent to the bract ; ovary 2-celled, styles 2, fruit a DICOTYLEDONS. 51 winged or angled nut ; bracts of the pistillate flowers some- what fleshy, persistent, becoming woody in fruit. A. RUGOSA (Du Roi) Koch. Smooth Aldphi. A slinib or small tree with smooth bark; leaves obovate, rounded or ohtuse at the apex, acute at the base, sharply and minutely serrate, glabrous above, pubescent beneath, petioled, stipules oval, deciduous ; staminate aments 2-4 iu. long; fruiting ainents ovoid, short-peduncled, fruit ovate, wingless. January-]\Iarch. Banks of streams and borders of marshes. Leaves often persistent during the winter. 25. fagace;e. beech family. Trees or shrubs ; leaves alternate, simple, pinnately veined ; stipules deciduous ; flowers moncjecious, the staminate ca})i- tate, or in drooping, spreading, or erect aments, calyx minute, petals none, stamens 4-20 ; pistillate flowers solitary or in small clusters, each flower subtended by more or less united bracts which at maturity form a cup or burr, calyx minutely toothed, petals none ; ovary 2-7 celled, but becoming 1-celled ; fruit a 1-seeded nut. I. FAGUS. Trees with smooth, close, ash-gray l)ark, and slender, often horizontal branches ; staminate flowers in long, slender- l)eduncled, globose clusters, calyx bell-shaped, 4-6-cleft, stamens 8-12, anthers 2-celled; pistillate flowers solitary or more often in pairs, peduncled, surrounded by a 4-lobed involucre and numerous linear bracts; ovaries 3-celh'd with 2 ovules in each cell, but usually only one ovule matures in each ovary ; styles 3, filiform, fruit a thin-slicUed, 3-angled nut. F. Amkhicana Sweet. Bi:i:cn. Large trees, leaves oblong-ovate, acuminate at the: ai>ex, serrate, straight-veined, very white-silky when young, nearly glabrous with age, involucre densely covered with short recurved sjdnes ; nuts thin-shelled, edible. March-April. Common on d:im]> s(»il every whcic. The wood is very hard, tough, and close- grained, ;ind is especially valuaMe for the manufacture of small tools. 52 ■ ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. II. CASTANEA. Trees or shrubs with rough, gray, rather close bark ; leaves straight-veined, undivided, prominently toothed : flowers ap- pearing later than the leaves ; staminate aments erect or spreading, loosely flowered, flowers several in the axil of each bract, calyx 4-6-parted, stamens 8-16 ; pistillate flowers at the base of the staminate anient or in small separate clusters, usually 3 in each involucre ; ovary 4-celled, surrounded by 5-12 abortive stamens, fruit a 1-celled nut enclosed in the greatly enlarged and very prickly involucre. 1. C. DENTATA (Maush) Berkli. American Chestnut. A large tree, bark somewhat rough, and splittiiig into longitudinal plates ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate at the apex, usually acute at the base, coarsely and sharply serrate with ascending teeth, glabrous, dark green above, lighter below ; petioles stout, short ; staminate aments erect, 6-10 in. long ; nuts usually 3 in each burr. February- March. Rich soil in the upper districts. Rarely found on soils con- taining nmch lime. 2. C. PUMILA (L.) Willd. Chinquapin. A small tree or shrub ; leaves oblong, acute or obtuse at both ends, serrate with divergent teeth, dark green and smooth above, white-woolly below ; nuts soli- tary, nearly globular. March-April. Common southward in rich woods. III. QUERCUS. Trees or shrubs, with entire, serrate or lobed leaves which are often persistent ; staminate flowers in slender aments, each subtended by quickly deciduous bracts, and consisting of 3-12 stamens enclosed by a 4-8-parted perianth, often con- taining an abortive ovary ; pistillate flowers solitary or in small clusters, each consisting of a 3-celled ovary with 2 ovules in each cell, though rarely more than 1 ovule matures ; styles short, erect or recurved ; pistillate flowers surrounded by a scaly involucre which at maturity becomes a cup enclosing the base of the fruit or sometimes a large part of it; fruit an ovate or subglobose, 1-seeded, thin-shelled nut (acorn). A. Fruit biennial ; leaves entire or with bristle-pointed lobes. DICOTYLEDONS. 58 1. Q. RUBRA L. Red Oak. A large tree; leaves oval or obovate, green above, pale and slightly pubescent beneath, sinuses shallow and rounded, lobes 8-12, acuminate; petioles long; cup saucer-shaped, with fine scales ; acorn ovate or oblong, about 1 in. long. April-^NIay. Common ; wood not valuable ; leaves turn- ing red after frost and often remaining on the tree through the winter. 2. Q. VELUTiNA Lam. Black Oak. A large tree with rough, dark brown outer bark and thick, bright yellow inner bark; leaves broadly oval, usually divided more than halfway to the mid-rib, sinuses rounded ; lobes about 7, sharply toothed at the apex, smooth above, usually pubescent on the veins beneath ; cup hemispherical or top- shaped, with coarse scales, short-peduncled, enclosing about half the roundish acorn. April-May. Common ; wood not valuable, but the inner bark used for tanning and dyeing. 3. Q. DiGiTATA (Marsh) Sudw. Spanish Oak. A small or medium-sized tree wdth leaves 3-5-lobed at the apex, obtuse or rounded at the base, grayish downy beneath, lobes lanceolate and often falcate, sparingly cut-toothed ; cup top-shaped, with coarse scales, enclosing about half the nearly globose acorn. April-May. Common in dry woods. Foliage quite variable in outline and lob- ing ; bark valuable for tanning. 4. Q. NIGRA L. Black-jack Oak. A small tree ; leaves obovate, usually with three rounded lobes at the apex, the lobes bristle-pointed, rounded, or slightly cordate at the base, rusty-pubescent beneath, shining above, coriaceous, short-petioled ; cup top-shaped, short-piMlun- cled, with coarse and truncate scales, enclosing about one-third of the ol)long-ovate acorn. April-]\Iay. An almost worthless tree, its presence indicating a thin and sterile soil. 5. Q. PiiELLos L. Willow Oak. A tree of medium si/e, leaves lanceolate or elliptical, scurfy when young and becoming smooth with age; very short-petioled; cup shallow, sessile; acorn subglobose. March-April. A\'«'t soil ; often planted for sIkuIc. 1). P'niit iininuil ; leaves not bristle tipped, though often mueronatf. 0. Q. ALiJA L. White Oak. A largo tree with light gray bark ; leaves obovate-oblong, ^-D-lobed, lobes rounded and mostly entire, bright green above, jialer below, short-ix'tioled ; cuj) hemisj)herical, scales rough, woolly when young, but becoming glabrous with age; acorn oblong-ovate, iibout 1 in. long. March-April. Common in damp soil; wood strong and durable; one of tlie most valuable timber trees. 54 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 7. Q. MINOR (]Marsh) Sarg. Post Oak. A tree of medium size, with rough, gray bark ; leaves broadly obovate, deeply lyrate- pinnatifid into 5-7 rounded, divergent lobes, upper lobes much the longer, smooth above, tomentose beneath, petioles about 1 in. long; cup hemispherical, nearly sessile; acorn ovoid, 2-3 times as long as the cup. March-April. On dry soil; wood hard and valuable. 8. Q. LYRATA Walt. Swamp Oak. A large tree with gray or reddish bark, leaves obovate-oblong, deeply pinnatilid, lobes narrow, often toothed, thin, glabrous above, white tomentose beneath ; cup round-ovate, scales cuspidate, enclosing nearly the whole of the de- pressed-globose acorn. March- April. On wet soil ; wood strong and very durable. 9. Q. PRiNUS L. Swamp Chestnut Oak. A large tree, with brown, ridged bark ; leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, rather ob- tuse, crenately toothed, minutely downy beneath, petioles slender, about 1 in. long ; cup hemispherical, peduncles longer than the petioles, scales acute, tubercular, appressed ; acorn oblong, acute, 1 in. or less in length, edible. March-April. Common on low ground. Wood strong and valuable. 10. Q. ACUMINATA (Michx.) Sarg. Yellow Chestnut Oak. A tree of medium or large size with gray bark, leaves oblong or oblanceolate, usually acute at the apex and obtuse or rounded at the base, coarsely and evenly toothed ; veins straight, impressed above and prominent beneath ; petioles slender ; cup hemispherical, sessile or short-peduncled, with flat scales, ^ in. broad, enclosing about half the ovoid acorn which is |-| in. long. March-April. Common on dry soil ; wood close-grained, durable, and valuable. 11. Q. ViRGiNiANA Mill. Live Oak. A large tree with rough gray or brown bark and a low spreading head ; leaves coriaceous, evergreen, oblong or oblanceolate, often somewhat 3-lobed on young trees, margin revolute, dark green and shining above, pale below ; petioles short, stout ; fruit often in short racemes, cup top-shaped, scales closely appressed, hoary, peduncles ^-1 in. long ; acorn from subglobose to oblong, the longer form occurring on the younger trees. March- April. On low ground near the coast ; wood very hard and durable ; valued for ship-building. 26. ULMACEiE. ELM FAMILY. Trees or shrubs with watery juice, alternate, simple, petio- late, serrate, stipulate leaves which are usually 2-ranked ; and small, perfect or polygamous, apetalous flowers ; calyx of 3-9 DICOTYLEDONS. 55 sepals which are distinct or partly united, stamens as many as the sei)als and opposite them ; ovary 1-2-celled, styles 2, spreading; fruit a samara, nut, or drupe. I. ULMUS. Trees with straight-veined, inequilateral, doubly serrate leaves ; stipules early deciduous ; flowers perfect, calyx bell- shaped, 4-9-cleft, stamens slender, exserted ; ovary com- pressed, styles 2, spreading, fruit membranaceous, flat, winged on the edge. 1. U. Amebic AXA L. WniXE Elm. A large tree witli gray hark and smooth or slightly pubescent twigs ; leaves oval or ohovate, ahriiptly acuminate at the apex, ohtuse and oblique at the base, slightly rough above, soft pubescent or soon glabrous beneath ; flowers in close fascicles, peduncles slender, smooth ; fruit oval or ohovate, with 2 sharp, connivent teeth at the apex, wing reticulate- veined, downy on the margin. Flowers Februarv-^larch ; fruit ripe April-]\Iay. In moist, rich soil. A widely planted ornamental tree ; wood strong l)ut wai'ping l)adly, and not durable when exposed. 2. U. ALATA Michx. Winged YjLM. A small tree with branches corky-winged, leaves small, ovate-lanceolate, acute, sharply serrate, base nearly equal-sided, rough above, pubescent beneath, nearly ses- sile ; flowers in small clusters, fruit oblong, downy on the sides, ciliate on the edges. Flowers February-jNIarch ; fruit April-^Iay. On rich soil. Occasionally producing a second set of flowers and fruit from Septemher to November. •3. U. FULV^A ]\Iichx. Slippery Elm. A tree of niediuni size with rough pubescent twi^s, and rusty-tomentose bud scales ; leaves large, thick, very rough above, pubescent beneath, ovate or obovate, acumimite at tlie apex, inecpiilateral, ol)tuse or somewhat cordate at th(; base, coarsely and doubly serrate, calyx lobes and pedicels pubes- cent ; fruit broadly oval, pubescent over the seed, the wing smootiu February-Ahirch. Iinier l>ark very fragrant wlien dried, and a popu- lar domestic remedy. II. CELTIS. Trees or shrubs, with entire or serrate, petiolate leaves; flcnvers grennisli, axillary, on w^ood of the same season, the staminate in small clusters, the fertile single or 2-3 together. 56 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 1. C. occiDEivrTALis L. IIackberry. a large or medium-sized tree having much the appearance of an ehii, bark dark and rough ; leaves ovate, acuminate at the apex, abruptly obtuse and inequilateral at the base, sharply serrate, often o-nerved from the base, glabrous above, usually somewhat pubescent below ; fruit a small, dark purple drupe. March- April. On rich soil. 2. C. MississippiENSis Bosc. Southern Hackberry. A tree, usually smaller than the preceding, bark gray, often very warty ; leaves broadly lanceolate or ovate, long-acuminate at the apex, obtuse or sometimes cordate at the base, entire or with very few serratures, glabrous on both sides, 3-nerved ; fruit a purplish-black, globose drupe. March- April. 27. MORACEiE. MULBEKRY FAMILY. Trees, shrubs, or herbs, usually witli milky juice, alternate leaves, large deciduous stipules and small monoecious or di(je- cious flowers crowded in spikes or heads or enclosed in a fleshy receptacle ; staminate flowers with a 3-4-lobed calyx, stamens 3-4, inserted on the base of the calyx, filaments usually inflexed in the bud, straightening at maturity ; pis- tillate flowers 3-5-sepalous ; ovary 1-2-celled, 1-2-ovuled ; styles 2, receptacle and perianth often fleshy at maturity. I. MORUS. Trees or shrubs with milky juice, rounded leaves, and monoecious flowers in axillary spikes ; staminate flowers with a 4-parted perianth, and 4 stamens inflexed in the bud ; pis- tillate flowers with a 4-parted perianth which becomes fleshy in fruit, ovary sessile, stigmas 2, linear, spreading ; the fleshy perianth enclosing the ovary at maturity. 1. M. RUBRA L. Red Mulberry. A small tree ; leaves cordate- ovate, often 3-5-lobed on vigorous shoots, acuminate at the apex, serrate, rough above, white tomentose beneath ; mature fruiting spikes oblong, drooping, dark red or purple, edible. On rich soil. Flowers March- April ; fruit May-June. AVood very durable, bear- ing exposure to the weather. DICOTYLEDONS. 57 2. j\r. ALBA L. White ]\[ulberry. A small tree; leaves ovate- cordate, acute at the apex, rounded and often oblique at the base, serrate or sometimes lobed, smooth and shining on both sides, mature fruit light red or white. April-May. Fruit June-rJuly. Introduced and common about old dwellini>s. II. TOXYLON. ^ A small tree with milky juice ; leaves alternate, i)etioled, spines axillary ; flowers dioecious ; staniinate flowers in short axillary racemes ; calyx 4-parted ; stamens 4, inflexed in the bud; pistillate flowers in axillary, pedunculate, capitate clusters ; calyx 4-parted, ovary sessile, style long- ; calyces becoming thickened and fleshy in fruit and aggregated into a large, dense, globular head. T. POMiFERUM Raf. Osage Orange. A small tree with ridged, yellowish-brown bark ; leaves puberulent when young, becoming- smooth and shining with age, ovate or ovate-oblong, acuminate at the apex, obtuse or subcordate at the base, entire, petioled ; stanii- nate racemes about 1 in. long; pistillate flower clusters about 1 in. in diameter ; fruit yellowish, tiibercled, 3-4 in. in diameter. In rich soil. April-]\Iay ; fruiting- in October or November. Native in Texas and extensively planted for liedges. Wood very durable when exposed to the weather, and used for fence posts. As the wood does not swell or shrink with changes in its moisture, it is valued highly for wlieel hubs, etc. III. BROUSSONETIA. Small trees with milky juice ; leaves alternate, pctioliMl ; flowers dicecious ; staminate in cylindrical spikes, witli a4-ch'ft calyx, 4 stamens and a rudimentary ovary; })istilhite flowers in ca])itate clusters, calyx o 4-toothed, ovary stalked, style U-cleft, I'ruit in a globular liead. B. I'Ai'YRri'ERA (\j.) Vent. Paper MrLUERRV. A round-headed tree with yellowish-brown bark; leaves cordate, often irregularly 2-3-lobed, serrate, rough above, tomentose beneath, long-jx'tioled ; staminate sjiikfdets j)e(hnicled, 2-."! in. long; pistillate heads stout, peduneled, al>out 1 in. in diameter. April .Nhiy. Introduced from Asia and very common about old dooryards. 58 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. IV. HUMULUS. Perennial, herbaceous twining vines with watery juice ; leaves opposite, palmately veined ; flowers dioecious ; staminate flowers in loose axillary panicles, calyx 5-parted, stamens 5, erect in the bud ; pistillate flowers in short axillary and soli- tary spikes, 2 flowers in the axil of each bract ; perianth entire, stigmas 2, filiform. II. LupuLUS L. Hop-vixE. Stem rough, twining high, leaves rough, palmately 3-7-cleft or lobed, serrate, petiole nearly as long as the leaf; staminate panicles 3-5 in. long, pistillate panicles (hops) 11-2 in. long in fruit, and then consisting of the greatly enlarged calyces and bracts enclosing the small achenes ; fruiting parts sprin- kled with yellow, aromatic, resinous grains, which give the hops their peculiar value. June-July. Ficus CAKiCA L., the cultivated fig, also belongs to this family. 28. URTICACE^. NETTLE FAMILY. Herbs with watery juice, stem and leaves often clothed with stinging hairs ; undivided, stipulate leaves ; small, green- ish, imperfect, apetalous flowers in axillary clusters ; calyx of the staminate flowers, 4-5-parted or 4-5-sepalous ; stamens as many as the sepals and opposite them, filaments inflexed in the bud and straightening at maturity, anthers 2-celled ; calyx of pistillate flowers 2-4-sepalous ; ovary sessile, 1-celled, stigma simple or tufted ; fruit an achene commonly enclosed in the dry, persistent calyx. L URTICA. Annual or perennial herbs ; leaves with stinging hairs, opposite, petioled, several-nerved, dentate, or incised, stipu- late ; flowers monoecious or dioecious ; calyx of the staminate flowers 4-parted, stamens 4, inserted around a rudimentary ovary ; pistillate flowers with 4 unequal sepals, the inner ones dilated in fruit; achenes smooth, compressed. 1. U. DioiCA L. Large Stinging Nettle. Perennial; stem and leaves very bristly, stem stout, 2-3 ft. tall, 4-angled, pubescent DICOTYLEDONS. 59 above ; leaves cordate, acute at the apex, coarsely serrate, 3-nerved, downy beneath, petioles slender, shorter than the blades ; stipules lanceolate ; flowers in much-branched, panicled spikes, mostly dioe- cious. June-»July. Tn waste places, especially on rich soil. 2. U. URENS L. Small Xettle. Annual; stem stout, 4-angled, hairy, 12-18 in. tall, with few stinging hairs ; branches slender; leaves elliptical or ovate, serrate or incised, 3-5-nerved, acute or obtuse at the ends, thin, hairy, petioles often as long as the blades ; stipules short ; flower clusters axillary, in pairs, loose, mostly shorter than the petioles. February-May. On damp soil in waste places. II. BCEHMERIA. Perennial herbs, with opposite or alternate, petioled, 3-nerved leaves, destitute of stinging hairs ; flowers monoecious or dioe- cious, in axillary clusters, similar to those of Urtica. B. CYLiNDRiCA (L.) WiUd. False Nettle. Stem erect, branch- ing, pubescent, 1-3 ft. tall ; leaves often opposite and alternate on the same plant, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate at the apex, rounded and 3-nerved at the base, coarsely serrate with rounded teeth, thin ; flowers in axillary spikes ; staminate spikes often leafy near the summit, sometimes as long as the leaves ; pistillate sjukes short, compact. June-»hdy. Common in nioist thickets. 2.0. LORANTHACEiE. :\IISTLET()E F A:\I1LY. Parasitic slirubs or herbs: leaves opposite, coriaceous, with- out stipules ; flowers moncecious or (li(eci()us, clustered or solitary ; ])erianth of both calyx ami corolla, or of a calyx only, or sometimes wanting; calyx tube adherent to the ovary, sepals 2-e, yellowish-green with a dark purple throat, limb unequally 3-lobed, rugose, reflexed ; anthers in pairs l)elow the 3 spreading lobes of tlie stigma; capsule oblong. April-May. Stems sometimes 30 feet long. 31. POLYGONACEiE. BrCKWIIKAT FA:\ITLY. Herbs, shrubs, or trees ; loaves simple, usually entire and alternate, but sometimes 0})j)0site ; stipules commonly mem- branaceous, and sheathing the swollen joints of the stem, but sometimes wanting; flowers small, perfect, mono'cious or ditecious; calyx of 2-0 se])als which are often nu)re or b'ss united, sometimes petal-like and ])ersistent ; {x'tals nonr ; stamens 4-12, inserted on the base of the calyx; ovary single, l-C(dl«Ml, styles or stigmas 2 .") ; fruit a lenticidar or 3-an ; aehrne 3-aiiglfd, 64 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. black, smooth and shining. ]May-September. Margins of fields and thickets. 6. P. HiRSUTUM Walt. Hairy Smartweed. Perennial; stems erect, branching, hirsute with spreading hairs, 2-3 ft. tall ; leaves lanceolate, rounded at the base, hairy, especially on the margins and veins, nearly sessile ; ochre?e hirsute, margin with a fringe of long hairs ; flowering spike linear, erect, rather closely flowered ; calyx white ; stamens 8 ; achene o-angied. June- August. Common about ponds in pine barrens. III. BRUNNICHIA. Perennial ; stem smooth, climbing by tendrils at the ends of the branches ; leaves alternate, entire, petioled ; ochrea3 small or wanting ; flowers greenish, in axillary and terminal racemes, on slender pedicels ; calyx 5-parted, loecoming much enlarged, and almost w^oody in fruit ; stamens usually 8 ; styles 3 ; mature achene 3-angied, enclosed by the persistent calyx. B. ciRRHOSA Banks. Bruxxichia. Stem somewhat woody, climbing 15-20 ft.; leaves ovate or cordate, slightly pubescent beneath ; sheaths obsolete ; racemes drooping, 2-6 in. long ; flowers in clusters of 2-5, pedicels recurved ; mature fruit coriaceous, 1 in. or more in length. April-May. River banks. 32. CHENOPODIACEiE. GOOSEFOOT FAMILY. Annual, or perennial by a slightly woody rootstock ; leaves simple, alternate or opposite, exstipulate ; flowers perfect, polygamous, monoecious or dioecious, small, greenish, some- times irregular, occasionally solitary in the axils but usually in panicled spikes ; calyx 2-5-lobed or sometimes a single sepal ; petals none ; stamens as many as the lobes of the calyx and opposite them, or sometimes fewer ; ovary free from the calyx, 1-celled, styles 1-3 ; fruit a utricle. A family containing many common weeds, some of which are inimi- I DICOTYLEDONS. 65 grants from tropical countries^ and also the common garden beet {Beta vulgaris), which is a native of Europe. I. CHENOPODIUM. Annual or perennial herbs; stems erect or diffuse; leaves alternate, usually white-mealy ; flowers small, greenish, in panicled spikes ; calyx 3-5-parted, the lobes often slightly fleshy and keeled ; stamens 5, filaments filiform ; styles 2-3, distinct or united at the base ; seed lenticular. 1. C. ALBUM L. PiGWEKD. Annual; stem erect, branching;, striate or furrowed, 1-5 ft. tall; leaves rhombic-ovate, acute at tlie base, irregularly toothed, or tlie upper becoming narrower and entire, more or less coated with white powder ; petiole nearly as long as tlie blade; flowers in small, panicled spikes; calyx .Vangled, sepals strongly keeled ; seed black and shining. June-September. A com- mon weed in cultivated ground. 2. C. ANTUKLMiNTicu-M L. WouMSKKD, Perennial ; steui stout, erect, much branched, 2-4 ft. tall ; leaves oblong or lanceolate, acute at each end, coarsely and sharply toothed or incised, u}>}>er leaves smaller; flowers very numerous, in linear, panicled si)ikes which are often leaf y-bracted ; calyx not keeled; seeds with obtuse margins, smooth and shiny ; whole plant very aromatic-fragrant. July-Sei>- tend)er. Tn waste places. II. SALICORNIA. Herbs, annual or perennial ; stems fleshy, glabrous, l)raiK',hes op})Osite, jointed; leaves reduced to snnill, opposite scales; flowers ])eri'ect, 3-G together, sunken into the upper joints of the stem, forming termiiuil spikes ; calyx thin, ix'coming si)ongy in fruit ; stamens 1-2 ; styles or stigmas 2 ; fruit a utricle enclosed in the spongy calyx ; whole plant salty to the taste. 1. S. AMHKJiA Michx. (iF.Asswonr. I't'n'nni;il ; stem sliglitly shrnliby at the liasc thf hranchrs ascrndinnor erect, nearly simple, joints truncate, ; i)etals 4-5, emarginate or 2-cleft; stamens 10; styles 5 or less; capsule cylindrical, 1 -celled, many-seeded. C. viTUiATi'M L. M<>rsK-K.Ai{i;i> CiiicKWKKn. Annual or sometimes perennial; stems dilYuse, tufted, clammy-puhescent, (J -12 ill. higli ; lower leaves spatulate, the upper ohlong, acute orohtuse; bracts scarious ; flowers in loose cymes, pedicels becoming much longer than the calyx ; .sepals lanceojate, acute, about as long as tiie 2-cleft petals; slender capsule becoming twice as long as the calyx and curved upward. .Xiwil-May. A common L;arden weed. 72 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 37. NYMPH^ACEiE. WATER-LILY FAMILY. Perennial aquatic herbs ; rootstocks creeping in mud ; leaves entire, peltate or cordate, usually floating on the surface of the water ; flowers solitary on long peduncles ; sepals 3-5 ; petals 5-raany ; ovary 1, many-celled ; seeds often enclosed in a pulpy aril. I. NYMPHiEA. Rootstock horizontal, thick, cylindrical ; leaves cordate, floating or erect ; flowers yellow ; sepals 4-6, green on the outside, obovate, concave ; petals many, hypogynous, the inner ones becoming small and stamen-like ; stamens many, hypogynous; ovary cylindrical, many-celled, stigma disk- shaped; fruit ovoid, seeds without an aril. N. ADVENA Sol. Y"ellow Pond Lily. Leaves oval or orbicu- lar, rather thick, often pubescent beneath ; flowers bright yellow, 2- 3 in. in diameter, depressed-globose ; sepals 6 ; petals thick and fleshy, truncate ; stamens in several rows, anthers nearly as long as the filaments. April-September. In slow streams and still water. IL CASTALIA. Rootstock horizontal, creeping extensively ; leaves floating, entire, peltate or cordate ; flowers showy ; sepals 4, green without, white within ; petals many, white, becoming smaller toward the center ; stamens many, the outer with broad and the inner with linear filaments ; ovary many-celled, stigmas peltate and radiating ; fruit baccate, many-seeded. C. ODORATA (Dryand) W. & W. White Water-lily. Root- stock large, branched but little ; leaves floating, entire, the sinus narrow and basal lobes acute, green and smooth above, purple and pubescent beneath ; petioles and peduncles slender ; flowers white, very fragrant, opening in the morning, 3-5 in. broad ; fruit globose, seeds enclosed in a membranaceous aril. May-July. In ponds and still water. DICOTYLEDONS. 73 III. NELUMBO. Rootstock thick, creeping; leaves orbicular, centrally pel- tate, concave above, raised above the water or floating; flowers solitary on long peduncles, raised above the water at flowering, but the maturing ovaries often submersed ; flowers hypogynous ; sepals and petals similar, numerous ; filaments somewhat petal-like; seeds in pits in the upper surface of the top-shaped receptacle. N. LUTEA (Willd.) Pers. American Lotus. Rootstock often 3-4 in. in diameter, horizontal ; leaves Ij--^ ft. broad, prominently ribbed, very glaucous above, often pubescent beneath ; petioles and peduncles stout ; flowers pale yellow, 5-9 in. broad ; sepals and petals falling (pdckly ; fruit top-shaped, 3-4 in. in diameter ; the seeds ^ in. in diameter, immersed in pits in the upper surface. May- August. In ponds ; introduced from the southwest. 38. MAGNOLIACEiE. MAGNOLIA FAMILY. Trees or shrubs; all parts more or less aromatic; leaves alternate, simple, petioled, entire or lobed ; flowers solitary, large and showy, hypogynous ; sepals and petals in 3's ; sta- mens many; ovaries numerous, usually cohering over the elongated receptacle ; fruit dry or fleshy. I. MAGNOLIA. Aromatic trees or shrubs; leaves alternate, often in clus- ters at the ends of the branches, entire, usually thick and leathery; stipules large, cpiickly deciduous; flowers terminal, showy, perfect; sepals 3, caducous; petals 6-12, in 2-4 rows, concave; stamens numerous; ovaries numerous, 1-celled, 2- seeded, the mature follicles opening at the beak and the fleshy seeds remaining for some time suspended by slender threads. 1. M. K-lobed, the terminal lol»e truncate or broadly notched, usually cordate at the base, glabrous, green above, lighter l»eneath: pietioles slender: flowers terminal, l>ell- shaped, greenish-yellow stripied with orange : petals obovate. obtuse. alK)ut as long as the sep»als : mature cones ovate, acute, 2-^5 in. long. 3Iay-June. Common on low ground. Often called •• white wood "' or. incorrectly, -white poplar." ^^' ^ - / i /.'- -..r making boxes and lisht furniture. 00. ANONACE^. C L STARD-APPLE FAMILY. Trees or shrubs with simple, alternate, entire, exstipulate leaves ; flowers perfect, axillary, solitary, hypogynous : sepals 2S, persistent : petals 6, in 2 rows, deciduous : stamens many ; ovaries few or many, distinct or coherent, becoming fleshy in fruit. ASIMINA. Shrubs or small trees : leaves deciduous ; flowers nodding ; sepals 3, ovate: [ietals 6. the three outer ones larger and spreading: stamens very numerous, crowded on the globular receptacle ; ovaries 3-15, sessile, 1-celled, several-ON-uled ; fruit a large, fleshy, oblong berry, seeds large, horizontal. 1. A. TRILOBA (L.) Dunal. Pawpaw. A small tree. lO-*>0 ft. high : bark nearly smooth, lead-colorwi : leaves oblong-ol»ovate, acute at the apex, oV»tuse at the base, nLsty-pubescent when young and becoming; smoother with ajje, ti-lO in. long : flowers on branches of the previous season. aj»["eariiii; lt^ff»re or with the leaves: the short peduncles and the s^-paLs brown-pultescent : petals puri>le, ot»ovate, 3-4 times longer than the .se[>als: fruit •?-.'» in. long. eetals slemlcr, truncate; pedic»'ls red, tliickencd in fruiting; berries white. Ahiy-.Iune. In rich woods ; more common ill 1 he ni(tiiiilaiii reiiions. 78 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY, IV. AQUILEGIA. Perennial herbs ; stems erect, branching, 1-2 ft. high ; leaves compound ; flowers showy, nodding ; sepals 5, colored ; petals 5, prolonged downward as a hollow, curved spur ; stamens numerous, the inner ones longer ; pistils 5 ; follicles many- seeded. 1. A. Canadensis L. Columbinp:. (Sometimes wrongly called honeysuckle.) Stems several or many in a clump, branching, smooth or slightly pubescent, leafy ; radical leaves long-petioled, biternate ; stem leaves short-petioled, ternate; leaflets roundish or obovate, lobed ; flowers terminal or somewhat corymbed, large and showy, scarlet and yellow; sepals ovate, acute; petals horn-shaped, attached by one edge of the mouth ; stamens and styles exserted ; follicles erect and somewhat divergent at maturity. April-May. Rocky woods and river banks. 2. A. VULGARIS L. European Columbine. Very similar to A. Canadensis, but with spurs shorter and more curved, and the stamens less exserted ; flowers white, blue, or purple, and often double. Common in cultivation. V. DELPHINIUM. Annual or perennial herbs ; stem erect, simple, or branched ; leaves alternate, petioled, palmately divided ; flowers in ter- minal racemes or panicles, showy ; sepals 5, colored, irregular, the upper one prolonged into a spur ; petals 4, unequal, the two upper ones with long spurs which are enclosed in the spur of the upper sepal, the other two short-stalked; pistils 1-5, ovaries many-seeded. 1. D. AzuREUM Michx. Blue Larkspur. Perennial; stem usually simple, slender, downy, 1-2 ft. high; leaves 2-3 in. wide, 3-5-parted, the divisions cleft into 3-5 narrow, toothed, or entire lobes ; flowers in a strict, many-flowered, terminal raceme, showy, blue, spur ascending, curved; lower petals bearded, 2-cleft; pods erect. April-June. On rich soil in open places. 2. D. CoNSOLiDA L. Garden Larkspur. Annual ; stem branch- ing, 3-4 ft. high ; leaves cut and divided into narrowly linear lobes ; racemes loosely flowered ; flowers blue ; petals somewhat united ; pistil single. June-September. Introduced and naturalized in many places. DICOTYLEDONS. 79 VI. ANEMONE. Perennial herbs, with naked stems bearing opposite or whorled and divided leaves which form an involucre below the flowers ; sepals 4-20, petal-like, soon deciduous ; petals none ; stamens very numerous ; achenia capitate, pointed, or tailed. 1. A. NKMOROSA L. AVooD AxEMONE. Stem simple, from a slender rootstock, smooth or slightly pubescent, 4-t) in. high, bearing a single flower about 1 in. broad; leaves 3, long-petioled, trifoliate, the divisions ovate-lanceolate or wedge-shaped, toothed, lobed or parted, about as long as the peduncle ; sepals 4-6, oval, white or often purple-tinged on the outside; achenia 15-20, with a hooked beak. March- April. Common in open woods. 2. A. Caroliniaxa Walt. Carolina Anemone. Stem sim- ple, from a roundish tuber, slightly pubescent, 6-12 in. high, l)earing a single flower al)Out 1 in. broad ; root leaves 2-3, long-petioled, ternate, the divisions cut or lobed ; stem leaves sessile, ternate, the divisions cuneate ; sepals 12-20, white; head of fruit becoming oblong; achenia woolly. ]\Iarch-April. In open woods. 3. A. ViRc.iNiANA L. Virginia Anemone. Stems at first simple, but finally bearing several long peduncles which may be again forked, hairy or woolly, 2-3 ft. high; leaves of the first in- volucre 3, on long petioles, 3-parted, those of the secondary involu- cres 2, the divisions toothed or lobed ; root leaves 2-4, similar to those of the involucn^s ; flower |-| in. wide : sepals 5, greenish- white, oval, acute; achenia woolly, in an oblong head. »June- September. In o]>en woods and fields. VII. HEPATICA. Perennial herbs, with flowers and fruit like those of Anemone, but with simple stems and with tlie 3-leaved in- volucre so close to the flowers as to resemble a calyx. II. riMi.oi! \ Clioix. jj vkr-i,eak. Stem erect, hairy, 3-6 \u. iii^h ; involucre of '4 ovate, entire, sessile leav«'s ; rai;mi;n'|'s oi-' i'.otanv. iM'jiilv ;is Ioiil;- ;i,s IIh' ix-liolrs; llovvcis while, I in. or iiion- wide-; instills oMoiit; or ohoviilf, (luicUly |)osite ea(di ot the outer |)etals ; sti^ina. L'dobed, persistent, j phi.eeid;e L*. ('. MKKANrnrM ( l'aiL;elni.) Urill. I)irr< iim an's r>KKi';< n i;s. Stem sh'hdcr, dilliise, glabrous; leaves lincly dissected, the divisions nearly line.ir; Mowers p;de y<'llo\v ; iiniei- petals nnicronatc, the keel usually enlire ; iKiil, ;i line;ir, (ondose, short-pcdiceled pod. I-'ebrn ary March. In rich woods. K;. CRUCIFERyli:. Ml ST AIM) i'AMILV. lleil»s, with waiery, pnnu^ent juice; lea.ves alternate, ex- stipulate; llowers perfect, rei^uhir, liy |)oij^yn()US, in racemes or pani(des with braetless pedicids; sei)a.ls -1, usually erect and appressed to the coi'olla, deciduous; petals I, with s|U'(\uling limbs rorniiiiL;- a, cross, raridy wantin*;; sta.mens usually T), two of them shorlcM* tlia.n the others and opposite t.he inner sepals; pistil 1, compound, style usually pei'sist- ent, ovary L*-c(dled by a. membranous partition; i'ruit a, sil- i(pi(> orsili(d(\ The family lurnishes a number of food plants, anu)n,i; whi(di are the cabbage, caulillower, brussids sprouts, kohl rabi, and kale, all of whiidi are forms of the European Iir(fsslrcsfris) and the Horse Kadish {/I'ori/xi Aniiordcitr) wlii(di does iH)t produce seed in this country. Most of the native plants Ixdoui^inLj to the family are insigniiieant or tronblesonje weeds. DICOTYLEDONS. 89 Pod many times longer than broad. Flowers yellow V. Sophia. Flowers white or colored. Seeds globose VII. Hesperis. Seeds flat III. Cardamine. Pod short. Flat, orbicular. Flattened contrary to the partition . I. Lepidium. Flattened parallel to the partition . . VI. Koniga. Flat, cuneiform IV. Bursa. Terete, globose or oblong .... II. Roripa. I. LEPIDIUM. Annual ; stem erect, or sometimes diffuse ; leaves entire, toothed or pinnately divided ; flowers in a terminal raceme, small, white ; petals short, sometimes wanting ; stamens 2, 4, or 6; silicle rounded or obcordate, flattened contrary to the partition. L. ViRGixicuM L. Pkitergrass. Stem erect, smootli, much branched, 1-2 ft. high; lower leaves ohovate in outline, pinnatifid with dentate lol)es; upper leaves lanceolate, dentate, slightly pubes- cent ; flowers on slender pedicels, petals often wanting in the later ones ; stamens 2 ; silicle orbicular. JMarch-July. A weed growing in waste places. II. RORIPA. Annual or biennial ; stems erect or diffuse, often widely branching ; leaves simple, pinnately lobed ; flowers small, wliite or yellow; sepals spreading; stamens 1-6; silique short and broad or nearly linear ; seeds numerous, in 2 rows in each cell. 1. R. XASTi'KTirM (L.) Ru.sby. \Vateucrp:ss. Aquatic heriis; stems glahrous, diffuse, rooting at tlie joints; leaves with '')-.) rounded, pinnate lobes, the terminal lobe mucli the largest; racemes elongating in fruit; petals white, twice the length of the sepals; l>()d linear, i-ij in. long, on slender, sjjreading pedicels. Mareh- Xovember. In ft. hii;h ; leaves laiieeol.ite or ovate-hmceolate, acute or acumi- nate, denticulate with Jiiinute t<'elh, pubescent on both sides, the lower lon<;-petioled and sometimes divided, the uj)iv'r short -petioled or sessile: tl(»wers white (.r colored, frai^rant. •» I in. wide: j.etals 92 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. spreading, much longer than the erect sepals ; silique slender, nodu- lose, 2-4 in. long ; seeds 1 row in each cell. March-July. Escaped from cultivation. 47. CAPPARIDACEiE. CAPER FAMILY. Herbs, shrubs or trees, with an acrid, watery juice ; leaves usually alternate, simple or palmately compound ; stipules spiny or wanting ; flowers often irregular, usually perfect ; sepals 4-8 ; petals 4 or wanting; stamens 6 or more; style usually short, receptacle often elongated ; fruit a pod or berry. CLEOME. Mostly annual herbs ; stems branched ; leaves petioled, simple or 3-7-foliate, leaflets entire or serrate ; flowers in bracted racemes ; sepals 4, often persistent ; petals 4, long- clawed, nearly equal, entire ; stamens 6, filaments filiform, usually much exserted but sometimes 1-3 much shorter than the others, inserted on the short receptacle ; ovary on a short stipe with a small gland at its base ; fruit a slender capsule on an elongated, stipe. C. spiNOSA L. Spider Flower. Annual ; stem erect, branched above ; leaves alternate, large, the lower long-petioled, the upper short-petioled or sessile, 5-7-foliate, leaflets lanceolate, acute, serru- late ; stipules spiny ; flowers numerous, showy, white or purplish, in long, bracted racemes, lower bracts trifoliate, the upper simple, cordate-ovate ; pedicels long ; petals obovate, long-clawed ; capsule smooth, linear, shorter than the stipe which is often 4-6 in. in length. May-August. Common in waste places. 48. RESEDACEJE. MKxNONETTE FAMILY. Annual ; stem diffuse, widely branched ; leaves sessile, entire or lobed, smooth ; flowers in spikes or racemes, bracted, irregular, fragrant ; calyx 4-7-parted, inequilateral ; petals 4-7, entire or cleft ; stamens 8-30, inserted on the hypogy- nous, one-sided disk ; ovary sessile, 3-6-lobed, stigmas 3-6, ovules many. DICOTYLEDONS. 93 RESEDA. Annual ; stems diffuse, widely branched ; leaves sessile, entire or lobed, smooth ; flowers in close racemes or spikes ; petals 4-7, toothed or cleft; stamens 8-30, inserted at one side of the flower; capsule 3-6-lobed, opening at the top before the seeds mature. R. ODORATA L. Mignonette. Stem widely diffuse, 6-12 in. high, smooth ; leaves cuneiform, entire or 3-lobed ; flowers small, greenish-yellow, very fragrant ; petals deeply 7-13-cleft. April- July. Often cultivated. From Egypt. 49. SARRACENIACEiE. PITCHER-PLANT FAMILY. Perennial, acaulescent, marsh herbs ; leaves tubular or trumpet-shaped ; flowers single, nodding, on a naked or bracted scape ; sepals 4-5, colored, persistent ; petals 5, deciduous, or sometimes wanting; stamens numerous ; pistil compound, 5-celled, many-ovuled, style terminal, nearly as broad as the flower, peltate. SARRACENIA. Rootstock short, horizontal ; scape naked ; leaves trumpet- shaped with a ventral wing extending nearly to the base and a broad lamina at the apex ; tube hairy within, with down- ward-pointing, stiff hairs ; calyx 3-bracted ; petals obovate, drooping or incurved ; style umbrella-shaped, 5-angled ; stig- mas at the hooked angles of the style; capsule globose, rough. [The tubular leaves usually contain more or less water and dead insects, the latter having been attracted by a lioney-like secretion near the ojiening. For a full account of the structure and i)eculiar action of the leaves, see Goodale's Plil/siolnrjical Botany, pp. 347-353.] \. S. I'URiTKKA L. SiDK-SADDi.K Fi.owEu. Lcavos asciMidiug, curved, l)roadly winged, inuj^le-vcined, 4-8 in. long; lamina erect, round-cordate, liairy on ilie inner side; scapes 1'2-lS in. tall; flower deep purj)!.'. ;il)()ul, 2 in. looiul ; style yellowisli. April-^hly. Mo.ssy swamps. 94 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 2. S. FsiTTiciNA Michx. Small Pitcher-plant. Leaves in a spreading rosette, 3-5 in. long ; tube slender, broadly winged, densely hirsute within ; lamina strongly incurved over the narrow opening, marked with purple and white; flower purple, about 1^ in. broad. April-May. Pine-barren swamps. 3. S. FLAVA L. Trumpet-leaf. Leaves large, erect, glabrous, yellowish, narrowly winged, 2 ft. high; lamina erect, orbicular, slender pointed, pubescent within, often reticulated with purple veins ; scape as long as the leaves ; flowers yellowish ; petals 2-3 in. long, finally drooping. April-May. Wet pine barrens. 4. S. variolaris Michx. Spotted Trumpet-leaf. Leaves erect, broadly or sometimes narrowly winged, spotted with white near the yellowish summit ; lamina ovate, arching over the open mouth of the tube, hairy, and reticulated with purple veins w ithin ; flowers yellow^ ; petals 1 in. or more in length. April-May. Low pine barrens. 50. DROSERACE^. SUNDEW FAMILY. Acaulescent, marsh herbs ; leaves tufted, glandular-pubes- cent, circiaate in bud ; flowers racemose, on a slender, naked scape ; calyx of 4-5 distinct or slightly united, persistent sepals ; petals 5, distinct or slightly united at the base, hypogynous, withering; stamens 5-15, distinct; ovary free, 1-celled, many-ovuled, styles 1-5, simple or cleft. DROSERA. Leaves thickly set with glandular hairs, making them ap- pear as if covered with dew ; calyx free from the ovary, deeply 4-5-parted ; petals usually 5 ; stamens 5 ; styles 3-5, deeply 2-parted or fimbriate ; capsule 3-valved, many-seeded. L D. filiformis Raf. Thread-leaved Sundeav. Rhizome thick, creeping; leaves erect, narrowly linear or filiform, smooth at the base, very viscid-pubescent above, 10-15 in. long; scape smooth, many-flowered, 12-18 in. high; flowers bright purple, 1 in. wide; petals obovate, much longer than the hairy sepals ; seeds oblong, minutely dotted. April-May. Low pine barrens. 2. D. rotundi FOLIA L. Round-leaved Sundew\ Rhizome none; leaves orbicular, contracted below into a hairy petiole li-2 in. long ; scape smooth, erect, 6-10-flowered ; flowers white ; seeds covered with a loose, membranaceous coat. May- June. ]\Iossy swamps. DICOTYLEDONS. 95 3. D. BREViFOLiA Pui'sh. Short-leavp:d Sundew. Rhizome none ; leaves short, wedge-shaped, glandular-pubescent ; scape 3-6- flowered, 3-6 in. high ; jflowers white, | in. wide ; seeds ovoid, minutely glandular. March- April. Low, sandy pine barrens. 51. CRASSULACEJE. ORPINE FAMILY. Herbs, usually succulent; leaves alternate or opposite, simple, ex stipulate ; flowers perfect, regular, cymose or rarely solitary ; calyx 4-5-cleft, persistent ; petals as many as the sepals, often slightly united at the base, usually persistent, sometimes wanting ; stamens as many or twice as many as the petals ; carpels as many as the petals, distinct, or united below ; fruit a membranaceous, 1-celled, many-seeded follicle. PENTHORUM. Perennial ; stem erect, branched above, only slightly suc- culent ; leaves alternate, serrate, sessile ; flowers in cymes ; sepals 5 ; petals 5 or wanting ; stamens 10 ; carpels 5, united about half their length, many-seeded. P. SKDOIDES L. Ditch Stonecuop. Stem terete below, branch- ing and angled above, glabrous, 1-2 ft. high ; leaves lanceolate or elliptical, acuminate, finely serrate ; flowers yellowish, short-pedi- celed, on one side of the revohite branches of the cyme ; sepals triangular, acute, shorter than the capsule ; petals often wanting. June-September. Common in ditches and muddy places. 52. SAXIFRAGACEiE. SAXIFRACxE FAMILY. Herbs, shrubs, vines or trees ; leaves alternate, ojiposite or basal; sti))uli's adiiate to the })etioles or wanting; flowers perfect or imperfect, solitary or variously clustered ; calyx of 4-5 more or less united se])als, free or jiartially adherent to the ovary; petals as many as the sepals or sometimes want- ing; stamens as many or twice as many as the sepals, in- serted on the calyx ; ovaries 1-4, commonly united below and often se})arated above; fruit a capsule or berry. 96 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. I. PARNASSIA. Perennial herbs ; basal leaves long-petioled, entire ; the slender scape bearing a single, sessile leaf; flowers large, solitary ; sepals 5, persistent, united at the base ; petals 5, spreading; fertile stamens 5, alternate with the petals; abor- tive stamens numerous, in clusters at the base of each petal ; ovary 1-celled, with 3-4 parietal placentae ; seeds numerous. P. Caroliniana Michx. Grass-of-Parnassus. Basal leaves ovate or cordate, rounded at the apex, often decurrent into the petioles; cauline leaf ovate, clasping; scape 12-18 in. high; flower 1-1^ in. broad ; sepals ovate ; petals oval, white with greenish veins ; abortive stamens 3 in each set, distinct, much longer than the recurved fertile ones ; capsule ^-^ in. long. June-October. On damp soil. II. ITEA. Shrubs or small trees ; leaves alternate, simple, deciduous, exstipulate ; flowers white, in slender, drooping, terminal racemes ; calyx campanulate, 5-cleft ; petals 5, inflexed at the apex ; stamens 5, shorter than the petals ; ovary 2-celled, many-seeded. I. ViRGiNiCA L. Itea. a shrub, 4-10 ft. high ; twigs pubes- cent ; leaves oblong or oval, short-petioled, acute or acuminate at the apex, sharply serrate, glabrous or somewhat pubescent beneath ; racemes slender, dense, 3-6 in. long ; flowers short-pediceled, white, ^-^ in. wide ; petals narrowly lanceolate, erect or spreading ; capsule 2-grooved, pubescent, tipped by the persistent, 2-parted style. April- June. Common in wet places. III. HYDRANGEA. Erect shrubs ; leaves simple, opposite, petioled, exstipu- late ; flowers in terminal corymbs, marginal flowers often sterile with enlarged and showy calyx lobes, fertile flowers small; calyx tube hemispherical, 8-10-ribbed, coherent with the ovary, limb 4-5-cleft ; petals 4-5 ; stamens 8-10 ; capsule 2-4-celled, crowned with the divergent styles, many-seeded. 1. H. RADiATA Walt. Downy Hydrangea. Shrub, 6-8 ft. tall ; leaves ovate, often cordate at the base, acute or acuminate at DICOTYLEDONS. 97 the apex, serrate, smooth above, densely white-toinentose beneath ; cymes flat-topped ; sterile flowers few, but large and conspicuous. May-June. On rich soil, river banks, etc. 2. H. QUERCiFOLiA Bart. Oak-leafed Hydrangea. Shrub, 3-6 ft. tall ; leaves oval, usually 5-lobed, serrate, tomentose ; cymes clustered in a dense, oblong panicle ; sterile flowers large and numer- ous, whitish, becoming purple. ]\Iay-June. On shady banks. 3. H. HORTENSis L. Garden Hydrangea. Shrub 1-3 ft. tall ; leaves elliptical, acute at each end, serrate-dentate, smooth, strongly veined ; cymes convex above ; flowers nearly all sterile, white, blue, or pink. May-July. Common in gardens. IV. PHILADELPHUS. Shrubs; leaves simple, opposite, 3-5-ribbed, petioled, ex- stipulate ; flowers solitary or cymose, large, white ; calyx tube turbinate, cohering with the ovary, the limb 4-5-parted, persistent ; petals 4-5, rounded or obovate ; stamens 20-40, shorter than the petals ; ovary o-5-celled, many-seeded, styles 3-5, more or less united. 1. P. GRANDIFLORUS Willd. LaRGE-FLOWERED SyRINGA. Shrub, G-10 ft. high; branches pubescent; leaves ovate or ovate- oblong, acuminate, sharj^ly serrate, pubescent, 3-ribbed ; flowers soli- tary or 2-3 together, white, 11^-2 in. broad, not fragrant; calyx lobes ovate, acuminate, about twice as long as the tube. April- May. On low ground. 2. P. coRONARius L. Garden Syringa. Shrub, 8-10 ft. high ; leaves oval or ovate, obtuse at the base, acute at the apex, remotely denticulate, smooth above, pubescent beneath ; flowers in terminal racemes, creamy white, 1-1 ? in. wide, very fragrant; calyx lobes ovate, acute, longer than the tube. May-June. Common in cultivation. 53. GROSSULARIACE^. GOOSEBERRY FA^HLY^ Shrubs ; branches smooth or i)rickl3' ; leaves alternate, often fascicled, palmately veiued and lobed ; stipules want- ing; flowers axillary, racemose or clustered; calyx tube adherent to the ovary, limb 5-parted, persistent; petals 5, small; stamens 5; ovary l-cidled, with 2 parietal placentae; fruit a many-seeded berry. 98 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. RIBES. Characters of the family. 1. 11. Cynosbati L. Wild (Jooskukury. A spreading bush 2-4 ft. tall, with the older stems prickly and the younger nearly smooth ; leaves nearly circular, slightly cordate, 3-5-lol)ed, the lobes crenate or incised, somewhat pubescent, petiole long and slender ; peduncles 2-:>-flowered, flowers greenish ; stamens and style not longer than the calyx tube; berry covered with prickles. Aj^ril- June. In rocky woods. More common noi'thward. 2. R. ROTUNDiFOLiuM Michx. Smooth (ioosionERRY. A strag- gling shrub 3-4 ft. high, the branches often smooth; leaves roundisli, the base not cordate and often acute, o-5-lobed and incised, pubes- cent beneath ; peduncles 1-2 -flowered, flowers greenish-purple ; sta- mens longer than the calyx tube ; berry small, smooth. April-June. Ill rocky woods. 3. R. RUiJiiuM L. Red Currant. A shrub 2-4 ft. high, branches smooth ; leaves orbicular to reniform, 3-5-lobed, the lobes sharply dentate, pubescent beneath when young; petioles slender, 1-3 in. long ; flowers many, in pendulous racemes, greenish, pedicels bracted ; stamens short ; fruit smooth, red or nearly white. April- May. Native in the northern states and often cultivated. 54. HAMAMELIDACEiE. WTTCII-IIAZEL FAiAirLY, Trees or shrubs, with alternate, petioled, simple leaves and deciduous stipules ; flowers perfect, polygamous or moncje- cioiis, variously clustered ; calyx tube coherent with the base of the ovary ; petals 4-5, long and showy, or entirely want- ing ; stamens twice as many as the petals with the alternate ones sterile, or numerous and perfect ; styles 2 ; fruit a woody, 2-celled capsule opening at the summit, seeds bony, 1 or more in each cell. I. HAMAMELIS. Large shrubs; leaves short-petioled ; flowers yellow, lat- eral, clustered ; calyx 2-3-bracted, 4-parted ; petals 4, elon- gated and linear, sometimes wanting in the staminate flowers ; stamens 8, the alternate ones sterile ; styles 2, ovules 2 ; seeds large, bony, oblong, shiny\ DICOTVLEDUN^S. 99 II. ViuGiNiCA L. Witch Hazel. A shiiil) sonietiuies reaching 20 ft, ill heiglit ; leaves obovate or oval, acute or obtuse at the apex, cordate or oblique at the base, dentate, stellate-pubescent; flowers in axillary clusters, briglit yellow, nearly sessile ; calyx lobes spreading, pubescent; petals |^-f in. long; capsule woody, beaked by the 2 per- sistent styles, very pubescent. October and November, the fruit recpiiring nearly a year to mature. Common in low woods and on margins of swamps. II. LIQUIDAMBAR. Trees, the limbs nsiuiUy corky-winged ; llowers moiiee- cious, the staniinate heads sessile, spiked or racemose, the pistillate usually single; calyx and corolla wanting; stamens very numerous, filaments short ; ovary partly inferior, styles 2, ovules several in each cell ; the 2-beaked. capsules united into a close head, seeds wing-angled. L. Styraciflua L. Sweet-Gum. Large trees; leaves roundish, stellate-lobed, finely serrate, smooth above, often pubescent below; spikes bearing the staminate flowers soon deciduous; the pistillate heads long-peduncled, soon drooping, mature heads spiny, 1-1 j in- in diameter. INIarch-April. A common tree with a resinous juice which hardens into a fraurant uum. 55. PLATANACEiE. SYCAMORE FAI\IILY. Trees; with simple, alternate, petioled, stipulate leaves, the bases of the ])etioles covering the buds ; flowers mono^'cious, in axillary, long-peduncled, globose heads ; calyx and corolla very incoiis})icuous, each consisting of 3-8 minute scales, or wanting; stamens as many as the sepals and opposite them; })istils several, obconical, hairy at the base, styles hmg ; cap- sules 1-seeded. PLATANUS. Characters of the f;imily. P. occiDKNTAMs L. SvcAMoKE, HuTToN WOOD. A large tree, bark light-col()riniia' .S-12 pairs; leaflets 2.">-3() )>airs, oblong, oblique ; heads few-flowered, in terminal panicles; flowers large; stamens l)right crimson, exserted, 3-4 in. long; legume flat, few-seeded. M.iy duly. I nlfodnced and escaped liom ganlens. 112 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 60. c^salpinace;e. senna family. Trees, shrubs or herbs; leaves simple or compound, alter- nate, usually stipulate ; flowers variously clustered, perfect, polygamous or monoecious, regular, or irregular and somewhat papilionaceous ; calyx usually of 5 distinct or united sepals ; petals usually 5, the upper enclosed by those on the sides ; stamens 10 or less, usually distinct ; ovary 1-celled, usually several-seeded, fruit a legume. I. CERCIS. Trees ; leaves simple, stipulate ; flowers in axillary clusters, papilionaceous ; calyx bell-shaped, 5-toothed ; stamens 10, distinct; ovary short-stipitate, ovules several; fruit a flat- tened legume. C. Canadensis L. Redbud. A snicall tree, 10-20 ft. high, wood hard but weak, bark smooth, dark-colored ; leaves broadly cor- date, abruiitly acute, rather thick, very smooth above, often slightly pubescent below ; flowers several in a cluster, appearing before the leaves, pinkish-purple ; legume oblong, compressed, many-seeded. Februarv-March. Common on rich soil. II. CASSIA. Shrubs or herbs ; leaves abruptly pinnately compound, stipulate ; flowers mostly yellow ; sepals nearly regular, slightly united below ; petals 5, somewhat unequal ; stamens 5 or 10, often partly irregular or abortive ; legume many- seeded, seeds often separated by cross partitions. 1. C. Tor A L. Low Senna. Annual herbs; stem stout, erect, branched, glabrous, 2-3 ft. high ; leaves petioled ; leaflets usually (5, 1-H iu. long, obovate, mucronate, entire, M'ith a small slender gland between the lowest pair ; stipules deciduous ; flowers usually in pairs, |-1 in. broad; stamens 10, the anthers of 3 being imperfect; legume linear, curved, 4-0 in. long. June-August. On rich moist soil. 2. C. occidentalis L. Coffee Senna. Annual ; stem erect, widely branched, glabrous; leaves petioled; leaflets 8-12, 1-2 in. long, broadly lanceolate, acuminate at the apex, rounded at the DICOTYLEDONS. 113 base, entire, glabrous, glands 2, conical ; stipules subulate, decidu- ous ; flowers in 2-4-flowered axillary racemes, |-| in. broad ; sta- mens 10, the 3 upper abortive ; pod linear, erect, slightly curved, 3-4 in. long. June-August. Common in waste places. 3. C. Cham.ecrista L. Lakge-flowered Sensitive-plant. Annual ; stem erect, widely branched and 1-2 ft. high, or nearly simple and 3-5 ft. high, rusty-pubescent or nearly smooth ; leaves very sensitive, petioled ; leaflets aboiit ^ in. long, linear-oblong, mucronate, petiolar gland cup-shaped; stipules nerved, persistent; flowers 2-5 together, on axillary pedicels, 1-H in. wide ; petals yellow, often spatte 1 with purple ; stamens 10, all perfect; legume linear, pubescent, several-seeded. fJune-August. Common in waste places. 4. C. NiCTiTAxs L. Wild SExsmvE-rLAXT. Annual; widely branched, stem smooth or pubescent, 10-18 in. high ; leaflets 20-40, linear-oblong, mucronate, i-| in. long ; petiolar gland urn-shaped ; stipules persistent, lanceolate, veined ; flowers small, 2-3 together in nearly sessile axillary clusters; stamens 5; legume pubescent, nar- rowly oblong, few-seeded. June-October. Connnon on dry soil. III. GLEDITSIA. Large trees ; bark dark-colored, m^arly smooth ; leaves usually piiinately decomi)ound ; le«iflets serrate ; flowers polyg- amous, in small spike-like racemes ; calyx spreading, 3-5- cleft; petals as many as the sepals and inserted at the summit of the tube ; stamens 5-10, distinct, inserted with the petals; ovary nearly sessile, ovoid or elongated; fruit a legume, 1 or many-seeded, i»o(l coriaceous. (r. TRiACAXTiios L, IIoxEV Loci'ST. A large tree, usually armed with stout, branclied thorns which aic sometimes a foot or more in length ; leaves petioled, decompound; leaflets short-stalked, lanceolate-oblong, bas^ inecpiilateral, smooth above, often ]>ulu'seent below; racemes solitary or in small clusters, dioo])ing; flowers in- conspicuous, greenish ; leguni" litiear-oblong, often 12-15 in. long by 1 in. wide, twiste 1, many-seeded, glabrous and shiny. l>ulpy within. June-July. In rich woods. [The thorns aie plainly modi- fied branches bearing dormant buds, and often ])arlially dev«'loped leaves. The early s])ring leaves are usnally oidy once compounded, while those of later growth an' ainiosi invariably deeoni|tound. Often a singh' leaf will show both forms of ct)nipounding.J 114 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 61. PAPILIONACEiE. PEA FAMILY. Trees, shrubs, herbs or woody vines ; leaves alternate, stipulate, mostly compound; flowers irregular, usually per- fect, solitary or variously clustered ; calyx 4-5-cleft or lobed, sometimes 2-lipped ; petals 5, the upper and outer one (the standard) usually longer than the others and enclosing them, the two lateral (the ivings) usually spreading, and the two lower (the keel) folded together and often united; stamens mostly 10, monadelphous or diadelphous, rarely distinct ; corolla and stamens inserted in the base of the calyx ; pistil 1, ovary 1-celled or sometimes 2-celled by the inwardly pro- jecting suture, and sometimes transversely several-celled ; fruit a legume, 1-many-seeded. Leaves trifoliate. Legume several-seeded. Plants erect. Legume inflated Legume nodulose . Legume separating into joints Plants twining or trailing. Keel spirally tv^^isted. Inflorescence racemose Inflorescence capitate Keel not twisted. Calyx 5-toothed. Standard spurred Standard not spurred Calyx 4-toothed . Legume 1-few-seeded. Leaflets serrate or denticulate. Legume coiled . Legume not coiled. Flowers racemed Flowers capitate I. Baptisia. XXVIII. Erythrina. XVII. Meibomia. XXVI. Phaseolus. XXVII. Strophostyles. XXL Bradburya. XXII. Clitoria. XXIV. Galactia. IV. Medicago. V. Melilotus. VL'Trifolium. DICOTYLEDONS. 115 Leaflets entire. Leaflets glandular dotted. Flowers yellow XXV. Rhynchosia. Flowers white or purplish VIL Psoralea. Leaflets not dotted. Flowers yellow- XV. Stylosanthes. Flowers white or purplish XVIIL Lespedeza. Leaves odd-pinnate. Stems woody. Shrubs VllL Amorpha. Twining vines .... X. Krauidna. Trees XL Kobinia. Stems herbaceous, erect or diffuse. Keel spurred, pod 4-angled XII. Iiidigofera. Keel not spurred, pod flat IX. Cracca. Stems herbaceous, twining XXIII. Apios. Leaves abruptly pinnate. ' Leaves with tendrils. Style bearded on the side nearest t he keel XIX. Vicia. Style bearded on the side opposite the keel XX. Latliyrus. Leaves without tendrils. Legume 2-seeded XIII. Glottidium. Legume many-seeded XIV. Sesban. Leaves palmately compound. Leaflets several III. , Lupinus. Leaflets 2 or 4 . XVI. Zornia. Leaves simple. Legume inflated Legume flat, flowers yellow Legume flat, flowers blue, pink white .... II. rrot-ilaria. XX\'. Rhynchosia. III. Lupinus. I. BAPTISIA. ]*erennial herbs; steins erect, widely branched; leaves sini|)le or palmately trifoliate ; flowers in racemes; caly.x 4- r)-lobed, persistent, the uin)er lobe usually longer and eniar- 116 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. giiiate ; standard orbicular, its sides reflexed, wings about as long as the keel ; stamens 10, distinct ; the pod stipitate, long-pointed by the remains of the style ; plants usually becoming black in drying. 1. B. LANCEOLATA Ell. Narrow-leaved False Indigo. Stem pubescent when young, becoming smooth with age, 18-21 in. high; leaves trifoliate, on short petioles ; leaflets lanceolate to obovate, obtuse at the apex, narrowed to the base, rather thick ; stipules small and soon deciduous ; flowers yellow, axillary and solitary, or in short racemes ; ovary densely pubescent ; mature legume globose or ovoid, coriaceous, long-pointed ; plant blackening in drying. April- May. Dry pine barrens. 2. B. TixcTORiA R. Br. Wild Indigo. Stem smooth, slender, 2-4 ft. high ; branches slender ; leaves trifoliate, on short petioles, the upper nearly sessile ; stipules minute, quickly deciduous ; leaflets obovate to oblanceolate, obtuse at the apex, cuneate at the base, entire ; racemes numerous, terminal ; flow'ers yellowy ^ in. long ; legume globose-ovoid, on a stipe about the length of the calyx, point long and slender ; plant blackening in drying. May-June. Com- mon on dry, sandy soil. 3. B. ALBA (L.) R. Br. White Wild Indigo. Stem smooth and glaucous, often purple, 2-3 ft. high ; branches slender, spread- ing ; leaves petioled, trifoliate ; stipules minute, soon deciduous ; flow^ers white, mostly in a single raceme which is 1-3 ft. long, with occasionally lateral, few-flowered racemes ; pod linear-oblong, the point very slender and soon deciduous ; plant unchanged in drying. April-May. In damp soil. 4. B. AusTRALis (L.) R. Br. Blue False Indigo. Stem smooth and glabrous, stout, 2-4 ft. high ; leaves trifoliate, short- petioled ; stipules lanceolate, persistent, longer than the petioles ; leaflets oblong, wedge-shaped or narrowdy obovate, entire ; flowers bright blue, 1 in. long, in terminal, erect, loosely flowered racemes ; stipe about the length of the calyx ; pod oblong, wdth a slender, persistent point. May-July. Banks of rivers ; often cultivated for ornament. II. CROTALARIA. Annual or perennial herbs, sometimes with a woody base ; leaves simple ; stipules inversely sagittate and decurrent ; flowers yellow, in few-flowered racemes opposite the leaves ; calyx 5-toothed and often 2-lipped ; standard cordate, keel falcate ; stamens monadelphous, 5 of the anthers smaller DICOTYLEDONS. 117 and more rounded than the otliers ; pod inflated and purple at maturity, seeds many, becoming loose in the pod. 1. C. SAGiTTALis L. Kattle-box. Aiuiual ; stem widely branching, 8-6 in. liigh, clothed with brownish hairs ; leaves nearly sessile, oval or oblong-lanceolate, hairy ; stipules often wanting below ; racemes short, 2-3 flowered ; corolla about the length of the calyx ; pod oblong, glabrous, much inflated. May-July. Barren, sandy soil. 2. C. PuRsnii DC. Narkow-leavkd Kattlk-box. Peren- nial; root slender-fusiform ; stems erect, slender, with scattered hairs, 12-18 in. high ; lower leaves oval or oblong, the upper linear, thick and fleshy ; racemes 6-12 in. long, 5-10-flowered, flowers dis- tant ; corolla much longer than the calyx ; pod inflated, dark purple. May-June. Grassy pine barrens. III. LUPINUS. Biennial or perennial herbs ; leaves simple or i)almately com- pound ; flowers showy, in terminal racemes ; calyx 2-lii)})ed, 5-toothed ; standard orbicular, with the sides reflexed, keel falcate ; stamens monadelphous, anthers alternately oblong and roundish ; ovary sessile ; matured pod oblong, several- seeded, often compressed between the seeds. 1. L. viLLOsus Willd. Woolly Lupine. Biennial; stem erect, branching at the base, 12-18 in. high; leaves simple, long-petioled, narrowly oblong or elliptical, acute at each end ; stipules linear, sometimes 2 in. long, adnate to the petiole below; flowers red and ]>urple, in dense tern)inal sp)ikes or racemes 0-10 in. long; legume o])long ; whole plant densely silvery-tomentose. April-May. Dry, sandy barrens. 2. L. TEiJENNLs L. Perennial ; stem erect, pu))escent, 12-18 iji. high ; leaves palmately 7~U foliate ; leaflets obovate or oblanceolate, ohtuse and nmcronate at the apex, slightly pubescent; petiole slender; stij)ul(\s small; racemes terminal, slender, loosely many- tlowered ; flowers pur[)le, blue, pink or white ; legume oblong, densely pubescent, few-seeded. April-May. Dry, sandy soil. IV. MEDICAGO. Annual or perennial herbs; leaves petioled, trifoliate; leaflets tootlied ; flowers in terminal and axillary S})ikes or racemes; calyx r>-t()()tlied, the teeth short and slender; stand- 118 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. ard oblong, much longer than the wings or keel : stamens 10, diadelphous ; ovary sessile ; legume 1-several-seeded, coiled, indehiscent, often spiny. 1. M. SATivA L. Alfalfa. Perennial ; stems erect, branching, pubescent when yomig, becoming smooth with age, 2-3 ft. high ; leaves short-petioled ; leaflets obovate, sharply dentate towards the apex, obtuse or sometimes emarginate or mucronate ; stijjules lanceo- late, entire ; flowers blue, small, in rather close spikes ; legumes pubescent, coiled, few-seeded. April-September. Introduced from Europe, and cultivated for hay and pasture. 2. M. Arabica All. Bur Clover. Annual ; stem procumbent, glabrous or slightly pubescent, 1-3 ft. long ; leaves long-petioled ; leaflets obcordate, toothed above, usually with a dark spot near the center ; stipules inequilateral, incised or toothed ; flowers small, yel- low, in globose spikes; mature legume nearly globose, several times coiled, reticulated and spiny-toothed. April-June. Introduced from Europe and often cultivated for pastures. V. MELILOTUS. Annual or biennial herbs ; leaves petioled, trifoliate ; flowers small, white or yellow, in dense axillary and terminal racemes ; calyx 5-toothed, the teeth nearly equal ; standard erect, wings and keel cohering ; stamens 10, diadelphous ; legume longer than the calyx, 1-4-seeded. M. ALBA Desv. Melilotus. Biennial; stem erect, branching, smooth or the young branches slightly pubescent ; leaflets oblong or oblanceolate, rounded or truncate at the apex, serrate; stipules small'; racemes long, slender, erect; flowers white; standard longer than the wings and keel ; legume ovoid, rugose, drooping, mostly 1-seeded, scarcely dehiscent. April-October. Common on lime soil and widely cultivated. VI. TRIFOLIUM. Annual, biennial or perennial herbs ; stems more or less diffuse ; leaves petioled, trifoliate ; leaflets toothed or ser- rate ; stipules adnate to the petioles ; flowers white, yellow or red, in heads ; calyx 5-cleft, the teeth nearly equal and subulate ; petals Avithering-persistent, keel shorter than the wings ; stamens diadelphous ; legume smooth, 1-6-seeded, scarcely dehiscent. DICOTYLEDONS. 119 1. T. procumbp:ns L. Low Hop-clover. Annual ; stem slen- der, erect, diffuse or decumbent, pubesc(mt, 6-10 in. long ; leaves sliort-petioled ; leaflets obovate or obcordate, finely dentate, the middle one distinctly stalked ; stipules lance-ovate ; flowers yellow, reflexed in fruit ; legume 1-seeded. February- April. Common on clay soil in waste places. 2. T. iNCARXATUM L. Crimson Clover. Annual ; stem erect, somewhat branched, pubescent, 1-2 ft. high ; lower leaves long-, the ui)per short-petioled ; leaflets obovate or cuneate, toothed at the apex ; flowers bright crimson, sessile, in terminal heads which finally become much elongated; calyx silky, its lobes long and plumose. March- April. Introduced and cultivated for fodder. 3. T. pratexse L. IvEi) Clover. Biennial or short-lived perennial ; stems diffuse, branching, becoming d,ecumbent, pubes- cent, l-o ft. long ; leaves long-petioled ; stipules large ; leaflets oval to obovate, finely toothed, often with a dark triangular spot near the center; flowers red or purple, in globose heads, erect in fruit; calyx teeth setaceous, hairy ; legume 1-3-seeded. April-September. In- troduced and widely cultivated. 4. T. REKLEXUM L. BuKFALO Clover. Annual or biennial ; stem erect or ascending, pubescent, 8-15 in. long; leaves long- petioled ; stipules ovate, acuminate ; leaflets obovate, denticulate, prominently straight-veined ; heads globose, peduncled ; flowers rather large, reflexed in fruit ; calyx shorter than the corolla, the teeth linear ; standard red or pink, wings and keel white ; legume 3-5- seeded. April-^NIay. Along fences and ditch banks on rich soil. 5. T. Carolinianum Michx. Carolina Clover. Perennial ; stems diffuse or ascending, much-branched, pul)escent, G-10 in. long; leaves short-petioled; leaflets small, obovate or obcordate, slightly toothed; heads small, globose, on long peduncles; flowers white, tinged with purple, reflexed in fruit; legume l-seeded. March-April. Common in waste places. 0. T. REPENs L. AViiiTE Clover. Perennial ; stems widely branching at the base, prostrate and creeping', nearly smooth, 0-12 ill. long; leaves long-petioled; leaflets oval, obovate or olicordate, denticulate ; heads globose, long-pedunclcd ; flowers white, reflexed ill fruit; legume 3-1-stM'ded, April-November. Introduced; com- mon about houses and in ]»astures. VII. PSORALEA. Poroiiiiial herbs; wliob; jihint ghuidiihir-dotted ; loaves 3-5- foliate; stipules cohering with tlie ])etioles; flowers in axil- lary or terminal si)ikes or racemes; calyx r)-eleft, the lobes 120 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. nearly equal ; standard ovate or orbicular, keel incurved, obtuse ; stamens monadelphous or diadelphous, 5 of the anthers often abortive ; ovary nearly sessile ; pod included in the calyx, often wrinkled, indehiscent, 1-seeded. P. PEDUNCULATA (Mill.) Yail. Samson's Snakeroot. Stem erect, slender, branching above, pubescent, 1-2 ft. high ; leaves tri- foliate ; petioles shorter than the leaflets ; stipules subulate ; leaflets elliptical or oblong-lanceolate, sparingly glandular-dotted, the termi- nal one stalked; loosely flowered spikes axillary and terminal, on peduncles nmch longer than the leaves ; flowers blue or purple, about i in. long; pod compressed-globose, wrinkled transversely. May- June. Dry soil. VIII. AMORPHA. Small shrubs, glandular-dotted; leaves odd-pinnate; flowers purple, blue or white, in slender spikes or racemes ; calyx 5-toothed, persistent ; standard obovate, concave, wings and keel none ; stamens monadelphous, long-exserted ; ovary sessile ; legume curved, glandular-roughened, 1-2-seeded, in- dehiscent. 1. A. FRUTicosA L. False Indigo. A shrub 6-15 ft. high, with smooth, dark-brown bark ; leaves petioled ; leaflets 1.5-21, short-stalked, oblong, obtuse or emarginate, sparingly punctate with pellucid dots ; slender flowering spikes panicled or solitary, 4-6 in. long ; flowers blue or purple ; calyx teeth short, nearly equal, pubes- cent ; pod glandular. May-June. River banks. 2: A. canescens Pursh. Lead-plant. A diffuse shrub 1-2 ft. high ; branches and leaves covered with a dense, lead-colored pubes- cence ; leaves sessile ; leaflets very numerous, crowded, small, ellip- tical ; spikes short, clustered, densely flowered ; flowers bright blue ; pod a little longer than the calyx, 1-seeded. June-July. On dry hills. IX. CRACCA. Perennial herbs ; leaves odd-pinnate ; stipules small ; leaf- lets entire ; flowers in terminal and axillary racemes or clus- ters ; calyx about equally 5-cleft ; standard orbicular, reflexed, silky on the outside, about as long as the coherent wings and keel ; stamens monadelphous or diadelphous ; legume linear, compressed, several-seeded. DICOTYLEDONS. 121 1. C. ViRGiNiANA L. Catgut. Root long, slender and very tough ; stems clustered, erect, slender, seldom branched, silky-pubes- cent, 1-2 ft. high ; leaves nearly sessile ; leaflets 15-25, linear-oblong, acute or obtuse, smooth above, white-canescent below ; racemes mostly in a dense terminal cluster ; flowers large, showy, yellowish- purple ; pod linear, straight, densely pubescent. June-July. Dry pine barrens. 2. C. spiCATA (Walt.) Kuntze. Goat's Rue. Stems diffuse, simple or branched, villous with rusty hairs ; leaves scattered, short- petioled; leaflets 9-15, oval, strongly mucronate at the apex, smooth- ish above, hairy below ; racemes opposite the leaves, peduncle slen- der, 6-10 in. long, 6-10-flowered ; flowers large, white, becoming- purple ; calyx lobes linear-subulate ; pod linear, pubescent, 10-12- seeded. May-July. Dry pine barrens. 3. C. HispiDULA (Michx.) Kuntze. Goat's Rue. Stems slen- der, ascending or decumbent, rusty-pubescent, 1-2 ft. long; leaves short-] »etioled ; leaflets 11-15, small, oblong, acute or obtuse, usually smooth above ; peduncles lateral or terminal, slender, a little longer than the leaves, 2-4-flowered ; flowers small, purple ; pod linear, l>ubescent, slightly curved. May^July. Dry, sandy soil. X. KRAUNHIA.^ Twining woody vines ; leaves odd-pinnate ; racemes ter- minal ; flowers large and showy ; calyx 2-lipped, the upper lip 2-cleft, short, the lower longer and 3-cleft ; standard large, orbicular, with 2 calloused ridges at the base, wings auricu- late at the base, keel falcate ; pod long, stipitate, coriaceous, 2-valved, several-seeded. K. FKUTEscENs (L.) Greene. Wistaria. Stem climbing 30- 40 ft., often 2-3 in. in diameter at the base ; branches and leaves ])ul)escent when young, l)ec()ming smoother with age ; leaves short- ]>etioled; sti]>ules minute; kniflets 9-17, ovate-lanccokite, acute at the ap«'x, rounded at i\ut l)ase; ract'mes large, densely flowered; calyx jiulu'scent; corolla lilac-] >uri>le; ]>o large, ovate, veiny bracts; pods flat, hispid, 2-5-jointed. May- August. Dry, sandy soil. XVII. MEIBOMIA. Perennial herbs ; sometimes woody at the base ; leaves petioled, trifoliate, stipulate ; leaflets stalked, stipellate ; flowers in terminal racemes or })anicles ; calyx 2-lipped, the upper lip entire or emarginate, the lower 3-cleft ; stamens mon- adelplious or diadelphous ; ovary sessile or stalked ; legume flattened, separating into joints, hispid with hooked liairs. 1. M. GiiANDiFLORA (Walt.) Kuutze. Pointed-leaved Beg- GAu-WEED. Stem erect, glabrous or pubescent, 2-4 ft. high; leaves mostly crowded at the sunnnit of the stem; petioles long; stipules small ; leaflets thin, ovate or roundish, acuminate, smooth or slightly pubescent on both sides; panicle terminal, long-peduncled, lai'ge, many-flowered; flowers large, puri)le; stipe nuicli longer than the calyx tube ; legume 2-4-jointed, joints half-obovate, concave on the back, hispid. June-September. In rich woods. 2. M. NUDiFLORA (L.) Kuutzc. Naked-flowered Beggar- weed. Stems smooth, erect, the sterile about 10 in. high, bearing a cluster of leaves at its summit ; leaflets ovate, the mid(Ue one long- stalked, acute or obtuse at the apex, often inequilateral, entire, pale beneath ; fertile stems usually leafless, 1 .}-'} ft. high, bearing a nar- row panicle of small purplish flowers; legume long stipitate, 2-']- jointed, joints straight on the back. June-August. In rich woods. 8. M. CANESCENS (L.) Kuutze. IIoARY Beggar-weed. stem erect, much-branched, rough, hairy, striate, 3-5 ft. high; leaves petioled; stipules large, ovate, acuminate; leaflets ovate, usually acute, very rough, hairy; racemes terminal, compound; flowers purple, |-?5 in. long; legume sessile, -i-G-jointed, joints convex on the back, rounded below, very hispid. June-August. Dry, open woods. XVIII. LESPEDEZA. Annual or perennial herbs ; leaves trifoliate ; flowers small, in axillary clusters, often of 2 kinds, the larger showy and perfect, but sterile, the smaller inconspicuous, pistillate and fertile ; calyx tube 5-cleft, the lobes nearly equal ; stamens diadelphous, anthers alike ; legume small, flat, 1-seeded, indehiscent. DICOTYLEDONS. 125 1. L. HKi'ENS (L.) Hart. C'KKKi'iN(r Lespedeza. Perennial; stem slender, prostrate, sprea(lint>', smooth or slightly tonientose; leaves nearly sessile; leaflets small, oval or elliptical, obtuse or emarginate at the apex; the petaliferous flowers on slender pedun- cles longer than the leaves, the fertile flowers nearly sessile ; legume orbicular, finely pubescent. June-September. Dry, sandy soil. '2. L. vioLACEA (L.) Pers. Busii Lespedeza. I*erennial; stem erect, spreading or difl"use, slightly pubescent, 1—'] ft. higli ; leaves short-petioled; stipules subulate; leaflets oval or elliptical, rounded at both ends, pubescent beneath; peduncles of the petalif- erous flowers longer than the leaves, flowers rather large, purple; fertile flowers in nearly sessile axillary clusters; legume flat, oval, much longer than the calyx, smooth or slightly pubescent. Plant extremely variable in habit of growth. June-Sei>tend)er. Common in dry woods. 3. L. STRIATA (Thunb.) H. & A. Lksi'edeza, Japan Clover. Annual; stem diffuse or ascending; slender, wiry, sparingly ])ubes- cent, (1-18 in. long; leaves numerous, nearly sessile; leaflc^ts oblong- obovate, margins ciliate ; flowers in nearly sessile, axillary clusters; corolla ]>ink or purple; pod oval, acute, longer than the calyx lobes. June-()ctol)er. Introduced from Japan and very common. XIX. VICIA. Annual or perennial herbs ; leaves pinnate, tendril-bearing; stipules half-sagittate; flowers on axillary peduncles ; calyx 5-toothed, the two upper teeth obovate ; standard obovate, eniarginate, wings adherent to the keel ; stamens mostly dia- d(d})hous; style filiforin, haivy, at least on the side facing the keel ; legume 2-several-seeded. 1. V. SATIVA L. Common Vetcu. Annual ; stem simple, smooth or pubescent, reclining, 1-iJ ft. long; leaves short-})etioled ; leaflets ')-7 pairs, obovate-oblong to linear, ol)tuse, eniarginate and mucnv nate at the apex; flowers in i)airs, n«'arly sessile in llie axils, pale ]»ur|)le, ] -1 iu. long; legiune lineai', several-seeded. March-April. Inli-odueed from l^m'ope and common in eullivalion. 'J. \. L(i><)\ i( lANA "Nult. LnnsiANA X'KTt'ii. Perennial; stem sMiooth oi- slightly pubesc.-nt, nngled, diffuse, '2-'-) ft. long; leaves petioled; stijvules sm;ill; leaflets 4-11 ])airs, ohlong or obovate, ret use at the apex; peduncrles about as long as the leaves, mostly •J-Ilowried: flowers Slliall, light blue; legUMl'e broadly f.ilc.ite. l-«;- seeded. Aj>ril May- In v'wh woods. 126 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 3. V. viLLOSA L. Hairy Vetcfi. Annual; stem diffuse, angled, pubescent, 4-10 ft. long; leaves short-petioled ; stipules large; leaflets 10-20 pairs, cuneiform, refuse and mucronate at the apex, pubescent; flowers blue, 1 in. long, in large axillary racemes; legume oblong, 3-6-seeded. March-May. Introduced and culti- vated for winter pastures. XX. LATHYRUS. Like Vicia, excepting that the style is bearded on the side toward the standard. 1. L. PusiLLus Ell. Dwarf Vetch. Annual; stem slender, erect or reclining, 10-15 in. long; leaves short-petioled; stipules sagittate ; leaflets 2, linear or linear-lanceolate, smooth ; peduncles longer than the leaves, 1-2-flowered; flowers purple; calyx teeth nearly equal; legume long and slender, 1 0-1 5-seeded. February- May. On sandy soil, common along fences. 2. L. vENOSus MuhL Veiny Vetch. Perennial; stem stout, prominently angled, climbing or reclining, 2-5 ft. long; leaves short-petioled ; stipules large, lanceolate ; leaflets 5-7 pairs, broadly ovate, obtuse, mucronate ; peduncles nearly as long as the leaves, many-flowered; flowers purple, | in. long; calyx teeth very unequal; pod linear, veined, 4-6-seeded. April- June. Shady banks. XXI. BRADBURYA. Perennial herbs ; stems twining or prostrate ; leaves 3- foliate ; stipules persistent ; flowers large, axillary, racemed or solitary ; calyx short, 5-toothed, the two upper teeth partly united; standard large, erect, orbicular, emarginate, spurred on the back ; stamens monadelphous below ; style smooth ; legume sessile, linear, many-seeded. B. ViRGiNiANA (L.) Kuntze. Spurred Butterfly Pea. Stem slender, much-ln-anched, rough with hooked pubescence, 2-5 ft. long; leaflets ovate, acute at the apex, rounded at the base, reticu- late-veined, stipellate, the upper one long-stalked ; peduncles as long as the petioles, often in pairs, 1-4-flowered; flowers pink-purple, 1- li in. broad, short-pediceled ; calyx lobes subulate; legume linear, curved, the margin thickened, many-seeded, 4-6 in. long. JNIay- September. Common on dry, sandy soil. DICOTYLEDONS. 127 XXII. CLITORIA. Perennial herbs ; leaves petioled, 3-foliate ; stipules per- sistent ; flowers large, on axillary peduncles ; calyx tubular, 5-toothed, the two upper teeth partly united ; standard large, erect, orbicular, emarginate, not spurred on the back, keel much shorter than the wings ; stamens monadelphous below ; style hairy ; legume stipitate, flattened, few-seeded. C. Mariana L. Butterfly Pea. Stem erect or twining, smooth, 1-3 ft. long; leaves short-petioled, stipules small; leaflets oblong-lanceolate, pale })eneath, stipellate; peduncles shorter than the leaves, 1-3-flowered; flowers large, showy, pale purple, 1^-2 in. long; legume 1-1 j in. long, i in. wide, acute, o-4-seeded. May- August. Dry, sandy soil. XXIII. APIOS. Perennial twining vines, producing tubers from under- ground shoots ; leaves petioled, odd-pinnate ; flowers in dense axillary racemes ; calyx 2-lipped, the lateral teeth nearly obsolete ; standard broad, reflexed, keel twisted ; stamens diadelphous ; legume linear, compressed, many-seeded. A. Ai'ios (L.) MacM. GRorxD-xuT. Stems twining high, juice milky, rootstocks bearing edible tubers; leaves short-] letioled ; stipules small, soon deciduous; leaflets 5-7, ovate to ovate-lanceo- late, acute, slightly stijx^llate; raceme shorter than the leaves, densely many-flowered, often branching; flowers brownish-]>urple, al»(»iii 1 in. long; legume linear, slightly compressed, seeds black, sepaiated hy corky tissu(». .June-August. On ul>es- eent. l.r.iii.-liiiiL;. L' :'. It. luii- ; leaves longer tliau (lie |M-li(.Ies; leaf- 128 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. lets oval, rigid, smooth above, pubescent beneath, the upper one long-stalked; racemes shorter than the leaves, 8-0-flowered; flow'ers large, reddish-pm-ple ; style long; legume linear, curved, nearly smooth, 4-6-seeded. June-August. Dry pine barrens. 2. G. voLUBiLis (L.) Britt. Stems twining or prostrate, much- branched, pubescent or nearly smooth, often several feet in length ; leaflets thin, oval to linear-oblong, rounded or emarginate at both ends, smooth or slightly hairy above, paler and pubescent beneath ; racemes slender, variable in length, often several times as long as the leaves, single or 2-3 from the same axil; flowers single, or 2--\ together, purplish, about ^ in. long; legume linear, nearly straight, compressed, pubescent. June-July. On dry soil. XXV. RHYNCHOSIA. Perennial herbs ; stems erect or twining ; leaves 1-3-foli- ate ; leaflets mostly resinous-dotted ; floAvers yellow, in dense axillary or terminal racemes or spikes; calyx 2-lipped, 4-5- toothed; standard orbicular or reniform, reflexed ; stamens diadelphous ; ovary sessile, style slender ; legume short, 1- 2-seeded. 1. R. MINIMA DC. Climbing Rhynchosia. Stem twining, widely branched, tomentose, 3-G ft. long; leaflets small, orbicular or rhombic, acute, rugose above, dotted beneath ; racemes very slender, 2-3 times as long as the leaves; flowers scattered, minute, reflexed; legume strongly curved. May-July. Sandy soil, espe- cially near the coast. 2. R. simplicifolia (Walt.) Wood. Round-leavp:d Rhyn- chosia. Stem erect, rough, hairy, 3-8 in. high ; leaves pubescent ; stipules lanceolate; petioles about as long as the single, orbicular or reniform, erect, j^ubescent leaflet ; racemes dense, often clustered ; legume oblong, compressed, 1-2-seeded. April-June. On dry soil. XX VT. PHASEOLUS. Annual or perennial herbs ; stems twining or prostrate ; leaves trifoliate ; flowers in axillary racemes or clusters ; calyx 5-toothed, the two upper teeth somewhat united ; stand- ard orbicular, often recurved, keel spirally twisted; stamens diadelphous ; legume linear or falcate, few-m any-seeded. P. POLYSTACHYUS (L.) B, S. P. WiLD Bkan. Pereuiiial ; stem twining or trailing, branching, pid)esceiit, 10-1.5 ft. long; DICOTYLEDONSo 129 leaflets ovate, acute at tlie apex, rounded at the base, the terminal one long-stalked; stipules lanceolate, deciduous; racemes axillary, often branched, much longer than the leaves; flowers purple, scat- tered, pedicellate ; legume stipitate, compressed, falcate, 2-^] in. long, 4-G-seeded. June-July. Low woods and thickets. XXVII. STROPHOSTYLES. Annual or perennial; stems twining or trailing; leaves 3- foliate, stipellate ; flowers (dustered at the summit of the axillary j^eduncles ; calyx 5-toothed, the two upper teeth more or less united; standard orbicular, keel twisted; sta- mens diadelphous ; pod linear, several-seeded, seeds scurfy or pubescent. S. HELVOLA (L.) Rritt. Trailing Beax. Annual or sometimes perennial; stem slender, trailing or twining, pubescent, 2-4 ft. long; leaflets (extremely variable, from prominently :5-lobed to ovate or oblong-linear; peduncles 2-4 times as long as the leaves; flowers 4-S, sessile, greenish-purple; legume slender, terete, 4-8-seeded. June-8eptend»er. Common in dry soil. XXVIII. ERYTHRINA. Shrubby or herbaceous; stems armed with ]n*ickles ; leaves trifoliate; leaflets o-lobed ; flowers in long terminal racemes; calyx tul)ular, truncate and oblique at the throat ; standard narrowly oblong, erect, wings and keel small ; stamens and style exserted ; legume stipitate, 2-valved, several-seeded. E. iiEuiiACEA L. Coral Plant. Perennial, from a very large woody root; stems erect, smooth, purple, '2--\ ft. iiigh ; flowering stems leafless except near the ground; leaves long-]»etioled ; leaflets prouiinenlly ^{-lobed or sometimes hastate, smooth, dark green, tiie lei-minal one long-stalked; racemes erect, 1-2 ft. l(»iig. many-flowered; flowers deep scarlet, 2 in. long; leguiue nodulose, ojKMiiug by one suture, seeds briglil scai-Ict. April-May. Light, saudy soil. 02. GERANIACE;E. CKKAXITM fW.MILY. Annual, biennial or pei-ennial licrbs with tumid joints; leaves alternate or ojjposite, simple, more or less htbed or 130 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. divided, stipulate; flowers perfect, regular or irregular; sepals 5, persistent ; petals 5, deciduous ; stamens 5, 10 or 15 ; ovary 1, compound, 5-celled, 1-2 ovules in each cell, styles 5, usually long and persistent, adherent to the elongated receptacle. I. GERANIUM. Annual, biennial or perennial herbs; leaves palmately lobed or divided, alternate or opposite, petioled; flowers regular; stamens 10, the alternate ones usually longer; ovary 5-celled, 5-seeded, the 5 cells of the ripened ovary separating elastically from the elongated central axis. 1. G. MACULATUM L. WiLD Crane's-bill. Perennial, from a thickened and tuberous rootstock ; stems erect, simple or branched, hairy, 1-2 ft. high; leaves palmately o-7-parted, the lobes incised or toothed, the lower long-petioled, the upper nearly sessile ; pedun- cles long and slender, usually with a pair of leaves at the base of the few-flowered umbel; flowers pink-purple, 1-H in. broad; sepals hairy and aMm-pointed ; petals entire, pubescent at the base; seeds reticulated. April-May. In damp, open woods. 2. G. Carolinianum L. Carolina Crane's-bill. Annual; stem decumbent or erect, pubescent; leaves palmately o-7 -parted, the divisions narrow, toothed, and cut; peduncles short, 2-flowered; flowers pink-purple or nearly white, about ^ in. broad ; sepals pubes- cent, about as long as the emarginate petals ; seeds finely reticulated and pubescent. March- April. Common in waste places. II. PELARGONIUM. Perennial herbs ; stems sometimes woody at the base, and somewhat fleshy above ; flowers irregular ; sepals 5, the upper one with a slender, nectariferous tube decurrent on the pedicel; petals 5, the two lower ones smaller; stamens 10, 3 or 5 of them sterile. A South African genus of which there are several species and many varieties in cultivation, all known by the general name '' Geranium." 1. P. zonale L'llerit. IIorse-shoe Geranium. Stem erect, widely branched, woody below; leaves alternate, opposite or some- times in o's, orbicular or reniform, palmately veined, crenate, pubes- DICOTYLEDONS. 131 cent, usually with a dark zone near the middle; flowers in a long peduncled umbel, showy, red or white, often double. Numberless varieties in cultivation. 2. P. GRAVKOLExs L'llerit. Rose Geranium. Stem erect or ascending, densely pubescent, 1-3 ft. high; leaves alternate, pal- nuitely lobed or divided, the lobes often finely dissected, revolute at the edges; flowers umbelled, small, light puri)le with darker veins; whole plant very fragrant. Common in cultivation. 63. OXALIDACEiE. SORREL FAiMTLY. Low annual or perennial herbs, with acid juice, root often bulbous ; leaves petioled, trifoliate ; flowers perfect, regular ; sepals 5, persistent ; petals 5, deciduous ; stamens 10, mona- delphous at the base, the alternate ones longer ; ovary 5- celled, several-seeded, styles distinct. OXALIS. Characters of tlie family. 1. O. viOLACEA L. Violet Wood-sokuel. Perennial, from a Itulbous root, acaulescent; leaves loiig-jjetioled, leaflets obcordate, sometimes slightly pubescent, often with a dark /one near the middle; S(ra]>es usually longer than the jietioles, umbellately -l-lO-flowered, pedicels slender; flowers violet-[»urple, nodding; petals obtuse, 2-3 times as long as the se])als; scai)es and jietioles 4-5 in. long. May- .Inne. Common in rich woods. • 2. O. STKICTA L. Yellow Wood-souijel. Annual or ju'ren- nial; stem slender, decumbent or ascending, branching, 3-12 in. long, |)ubescent with long hairs; leaves slender, }>etioled, leaflets broadly obcordate, sensitive; flowers yellow, in small cymes or umbellate clus- t<'i"s on axillary jteduncles longer than tlie petioles; capsule erect, cylindrical, deliiscence 'oculicidal, otteii throwing the transversely ridged seeds to a considerable tlistanc«'. March-Oecembt'r. Com- mon in waste places. (ii. rutace;e. Kii: family. Shrubs or trees; leaves alternate, compound, exstipulate, })unctate ; flowers perfect or variously imperlcct; sepals and 132 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. petals 3-5 or none ; petals hypogynous or perigynous when present ; stamens as many or twice as many as the sepals, inserted on the glandular disk; pistils 2-5, often partially united ; fruit a capsule or a samara. I. XANTHOXYLUM. Trees or shrubs ; bark, twigs, and petioles usually prickly ; leaves odd-pinnate, punctate with pellucid dots ; flowers in axillary or terminal cymes, monoecious or dioecious ; sepals and petals 3-5 or none ; stamens 3-5, hyj^ogynous ; pistils 2-5, distinct, sessile or stipitate ; carpels 2-valved, 1-2-seeded ; seeds smooth and shining. 1. X. Pterota HBK. Bastard Tronwood. A shrub or small tree ; branches crooked and armed with curved, stipular prickles or sometimes smooth; leaflets 7-11, sessile, obovate, somewhat crenate, dots few, rachis and petiole winged ; flowers in axillary, sessile or short-peduncled clusters; sepals, petals, and stamens 4; ovaries 2; carpels globose, dotted, stipitate. May-June. On rich soil, more common southward. 2. X. Cjlava-Herculis L. Hercules's Club. A tree 20-40 ft. high ; bark very prickly ; prickles on the older j^arts often sur- rounded by a ring of cork; leaflets 9-21, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, crenate, inequilateral, shining above; cymes terminal, appearing before the leaves ; flowers small, greenish ; sepals and petals 4-5 ; capsules 2-3, sessile. May -June. In rich, moist woods. II. PTELEA. Shrubs with smooth and bitter bark ; leaves trifoliate ; flowers in terminal cymes, polygamous ; sepals 3-6, decidu- ous, much shorter than the petals ; stamens 4-5, longer than the petals and alternate with them ; pistillate flowers pro- ducing abortive stamens ; ovary compressed, 2-celled ; fruit a 2-celled, 2-seeded. broadly winged samara. P. trifoliata L. Hop-tree. A shrub 4-8 ft. high; leaves long-petioled, leaflets oval or ovate, acute, obscurely serrate, the lateral ones oblique ; cymes compound ; flowers greenish ; stamens mostly 4, filaments villous; samara about 1 in, in diameter, wing emarginate, strongly reticulated. May-June. Rocky banks. DrCOTVLEDONS. 133 65. SIMARUBACE^. AILAXTHUS FAMILY. Trees or shrubs, bark bitter, juice milky; leaves alter- nate, pinnately compound, stipules none ; leaflets not dotted ; flowers in large, axillary or terminal panicles, regular, dioe- cious or polygamous ; calyx 4-5-toothed or parted, persistent ; petals 4-5, deciduous ; stamens twice as many as the sepals, liypogynous ; ovary of 4-5 distinct or united, 1-seeded car- pels ; fruit a samara. AILANTHUS. Trees, bark brown, nearly smooth ; leaves odd-pinnate ; flowers in dense terminal panicles, greenish-white, polyga- mous or dioecious ; sepals and petals 5 ; staminate flowers with 10 stamens; pistillate flowers often bearing 2-3 stamens ; ovary deeply 2-5-cleft or divided, ovules solitary; samara oblong. A. GLAXDULOSA Desf. Tree of Heaven. Trees, sometimes fi()-80 ft. high; leaves odd-pinnate, often 2-3 ft. long; leaflets many, usually opposite, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate at the apex, truncate, ()bli(iue and usually glandular-toothed at the base, entire; flowers about I in. broad, the staminate disagreeably odorous; samaras with oblong wings, 1 in. long. May-June. Introduced from China, and naturalized in many places. (JO. MELIACEiE. ^lELTA FAMILY. Trees ; leaves alternate, exstii)ulate, pinnately decompound ; flowers perfect, in axillary panicles ; sepals 5, short, obtuse ; petals 5, 2-3 times as long as the sepals, oblong, obtuse ; sta- mens 10, monadel[)h()Us ; ovary 5-celled, lO-ovuled; fruit a 5-celled, 5-seeded nut enclosed in a fleshy covering. MELIA. Characters of the family. M. AzEnEKAcii L. rMMi:i;i.i.A 'ri;i:i;. Tires <»t" nnMliuiii size witli ;i (icnsr lit'iiiis|iln'ric:il lir;id; Icjivrs l>i|>iuM;ilr: If.illfts ()vate, 134 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. acuminate at tlie apex, rounded at the base, irregularly serrate, glabrous; flowers in large, compound panicles, fragrant, lilac-colored; sepals linear-spatulate, united at the base ; petals united below, spread- ing above; fruit fleshy, enclosing a bony 5-celled nut with one seed in each cell, persistent through the winter. April-May. Intro- duced from China ; common in cultivation. 67. POLYGALACE^. MILKWORT FAMILY. Herbs, or rarely shrubs ; leaves simple, alternate, opposite or verticillate, exstipiilate ; pedicels bracted ; flowers mostly in spikes or racemes, but sometimes solitary, with a general resemblance to those of the Pea family ; sepals 5, persistent, the two lateral longer and wing-like ; petals 3, somewhat united, the middle one longer, usually crested and forming a keel, sometimes with 2 additional scale-like petals ; stamens 4-8, monadelphous or diadelphous ; ovary superior, com- pound; fruit a 2-seeded capsule, seeds usually carunculate and hairy. POLYGALA. Annual, biennial or perennial herbs ; leaves alternate, opposite or verticillate, usually small and narrow ; flowers usually spiked or racemed, but sometimes solitary, and occa- sionally on subterranean branches ; stamens 8 or sometimes 6, somewhat united with the petals, usually monadelphous ; style simple, curved, club-shaped ; capsule 2-celled, 2-seeded, seeds carunculate and hairy. 1. P. RAMOSA Ell. Low Yellow Milkwort. Biennial ; stems single or tufted, erect, simple, 6-12 in. high; leaves alternate, basal leaves spatulate to obovate, obtuse; stem leaves linear-oblong, acute, numerous, somewhat fleshy; flowers bright yellow, in corymbose spikes, wings oblong, acute, crest minute; seeds small, oval, hairy, at least twice the length of the caruncle; plant turning greenish- black in drying. June-September. Open pine barrens. 2. P. LUTEA L. Orange Milkwort. Biennial; stem simple or occasionally branched, erect, glabrous, 6-12 in. high; leaves alter- nate, root leaves spatulate, obtuse, stem leaves oblanceolate, acute ; spikes solitary, terminal, oblong, dense ; flowers orange-yellow, wings DICOTYLEDONS. 135 elliptical or ovate, acute, crest luimite; seeds obovate, sparsely hairy, a little longer than the lobes of the caruncle. May-August. Moist woods. o. r. ixcAKNATA L. TiNK ^I I LKWORT. Aunual ; stem simple or rarely branched, erect, glaucous, 12-18 in. high; leaves few, alternate, fleshy, linear, sometimes small and scale-like; spike ter- minal, solitary, slender, densidy flowered; flowers pink; petals united into a tube twice the length of the elliiitical wings, crest consi»icu- ous; seeds oval, hairy, caruncle spongy. May- August. Dry soil in open fields. 4. P. GRANDiFLORA Walt. Siiowv ]\DlivWokt. Perennial or biennial; stems erect or ascending, branched, G-12 in. high; leaves alternate, elliptical, pubescent; flowers in long terminal and axil- lary racemes, large, pink or purple, wings large, orbicular, pedicels drooping; seeds oblong, hairy, caruncle snuiU. ]\Iay-September. Dry, sandy soil. 5. P. POLYGAMA AValt. Racemed ADlkwort. P>iennial; stems erect, simple, numerous, smooth, very leafy; leaves elliptical or the hnver si)atulate; flowers of two kinds, the showy and perfect puri)le flowers in loose terminal racemes, and the subterranean inconspicu- ous l)ut fertile flowers; seeds oblong or ovate, very hairy, twice the length of the caruncle. April-June. AVet pine barrens. OS. EUPHORBIACEJE. SPllKiK FAMILY. Trees, shrubs or herbs, with an acrid, and usually milky juice; leaves alternate, oi)posite or verticillate, petioled or sessile, sti})ulate or exsti})ulate ; flowers various, often monoe- cious, petaloid or enclosed in a petal-like involucre ; stamens few or many ; styles usually 3, simple or much-divided : ovary usually .'^-celled, suuu'times 2-celled, with 1^ ovules sus- [x'uded in each cell, the carpels at length separating from the central axis. I. RICINUS. Annual lici-bs, shrubs or trees; leaves altenuite, simple, petioled, }»aliuately lobed ; flowers mon(e(dous, in a large ob- long spike or i)anicle, the ])istillate flowers at the summit; calyx 3-5-]>art('d ; petals wanting; stamens numerous, fila- ments bi-anelied ; style sh(>rt, stigmas 3, 2-parted ; capsule s[)iny. .'5-cflle(l, .'l-sccded. 136 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. R. COMMUNIS L. Castor Bean. Annual, becoming a tree in the tropics; stem smootli and glaucous, 6-12 ft. high; leaves large, often 1 ft. broad, peltate, palmately G-12-lobed, the lobes lanceolate irregularly toothed, petioles long, glandular ; stipules large, decidu- ous; panicles in the forks of the stem, dense; capsules very spiny, ^-| in. long; seeds oval, smooth, mottled. June-October. Intro- duced from India. 11. JATROPHA. Shrubs or herbs ; leaves alternate ; flowers monoecious, staminate and pistillate intermixed in the cymes, apetalous : calyx large, white, 5-lobed, corolla-like ; stamens numerous, usually nionadelphous ; ovary usually 3-celled, 3-seeded, styles 3, united at the base, several-parted. J. STiMULOSA Michx. Spurge Nettle. Perennial herbs armed with stinging hairs; stems erect, branched, bright green with white lines, 8-15 in. high; leaves long-petioled, deeply palmately 3-5- lobed, the lobes irregularly cut and toothed, often mottled; sepals white, spreading; seeds oblong, smooth, mottled. April-September. In dry woods. III. EUPHORBIA. Herbs with milky juice ; inflorescence cymose ; flowers monoecious, without calyx or corolla, usually 1 pistillate and several monandrous staminate flowers are surrounded by cup-like involucre resembling a corolla, and often gland-bear- ing between its 4-5 lobes ; styles 3, each 2-cleft ; capsule stipitate, 3-celled, 3-seeded. 1. E. MACULATA L. SPOTTED Spurge. Annual; stem pros- trate, widely branched, pubescent, 1-12 in. long; leaves opposite, stipulate, short-petioled, oblong, oblique at the base, serrate, usually blotched with purple ; involucres small, and mostly near the ends of the branches; glands 4, cup-shaped, their appendages white; cap- sule ovoid, pubescent, seed 4-angied, faintly wrinkled and pitted. June-October. Very common in waste places. 2. E. COROLLATA L. FLOWERING Spurge. Perennial; stem erect, umbellately branched above, smooth or pubescent, 1-3 ft. high; leaves of the stem alternate, those of the branches usually opposite or whorled, rather thick, oval to narrowly oblong, pale beneath, usually slightly pubescent; flowering branches repeatedly forked ; involucres terminal and in the forks of the branches, pedun- dicotylp:dons. 137 cled; glands 4-5, oblong, green; appendages Avliite and petal-like, showy; capsule erect, seed sniootli or faintly pitted. April-Novem- ber. Common in dry, open woods. 09. ANACARDIACEiE. SIM AC FAMILY. Trees or shrubs with resinous, acrid or milky sap; leaves simple, trifoliate or pinnately compound, alternate, exstipu- late ; flowers perfect or imperfect, small ; calyx 3-5-parted, persistent ; petals 3-5 or wanting ; stamens as many as the sepals or sometimes twice as many, inserted in the base of the calyx, distinct ; ovary free, 1 -celled, styles 1-3 ; fruit a 1-seeded drupe. I. RHUS. Trees or shrubs ; leaves trifoliate or odd-i)innate ; flowers in spikes or panicles ; calyx mostly 5-parted ; petals and stamens 5; pistil 1, sessile, styles 3, terminal; drupe small, smooth or pubescent. 1. R. COPALLIXA L. Sumac. A shrub or small tree, souH'times 25-:}() ft. high; branches tonientose; leaves odd-pinnati-, rachis pubescent and wing-margined; leaflets J)-*21, ovate-lanceolate, acute at the apex, inequihiteral, entire or slightly toothed, sniootli and green above, pale and i)ubescent beneath; panicle often large and s])reading; flowers polygamous; drupe red, hairy, acid. June- August. Open woods. '2. H. niKTA (L.) Sudw. Stagiiohn Sumac. A small tree, 20- 10 ft. high; branches and petioles villous; leaves odd-pinnate, leaflets 17-27, lanceolate-oblong, acuminate at the apex, very obtuse at the l>ase, sharjtly serrate, smooth above, pale and pubescent beneath; llowei's jiolyganious, in dense terminal panich's; drupes re(l, with crimson hairs. »Iune-.July. Dry hillsides. '). K. AKOMATicA Ait. Fka<;ka.\t Sumac. .\ branching shrub, 2-.') ft. high; leaves trifoliat«', puiiescent wImmi young, smooth when old; leaflets ovat«' or the terminal one obovate, larger and somewhat :j-lobed orcrenate; flowers di(ecious, in single or clustered terminal si)ikes 1 in. or more in length, ai>pearing before the leaves; e red, hairy. .March-Ajiril. Dry, ojten woods. •1. Iv. KADKANS L. PolSON VlNK. Stem a w Iv viue climb- '\\\'^ liii;li by ;ieii;il rootlets, or sometimes short anersi stent. March-April On damp soil, more abundant southward. 71. ILICACEiE. HOLLY FAMILY. Trees or shrubs ; leaves simple, alternate, petioled ; stipules small or wanting ; flowers small, greenish, clustered or soli- tary in the axils, usually dioecious ; calyx 4-9-parted ; petals 4-9, somewhat united at the base ; stamens inserted in the tul)e of the corolla and alternate with its lobes ; ovary free, 4-9-celled, with a single ovule in each cell ; fruit a berry-like drupe, 4-9-seeded. ILEX. Small trees or shrubs; leaves usually coriaceous, often per- sistent and evergreen ; stijmles minute ; flowers axillary, 4-9- l)arted, the fertile often solitary and the staminate clustered ; fruit a drupe with 4-9 nutlets. 1. I. oi'ACA Ait. Ilni.i.v. Trcrs Willi smoolli. liglit-culon'd liMik, and li.iid, \('ry white wotid; yoimg (wigs |>nl»<'sct'nl : It-aNcs coriaccdiis, rlek]y tooliied, dai'k gi'cru and shining ahoxc, paler and sometimes sHgiilly puberulent heneath; pedinicles short, bracted; flowers l-parted, staminate llowcrs in small cymes, the pistillate usually solitai-y; di'iipes Itrighl red. April- May. Diimp, sandy soil. 'J. 1. in:(ii)irA Walt. l)i;iight re<|. Aj'ril May. ()u low mdund. 140 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 72. CELASTRACE^. STAFF-TREE FAMILY. Shrubs, sometimes climbing ; leaves simple, alternate or opposite, stipulate ; flowers small, regular, perfect ; calyx 4-5-x)arted, persistent ; petals 4-5 ; stamens 4-5, alternate with the petals and inserted with them on the disk ; ovary 1, carpels 2-5, styles exsertedj fruit a 2-5-celled pod, seeds ariled. EUONYMUS. Shrubs with 4-angled branches ; leaves opposite ; flowers in axillary, peduncled cymes, purplish or greenish, small ; sepals and petals 4-5, spreading ; stamens as many as the petals, short ; ovary 3-5-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell ; seeds enclosed in a red, fleshy aril. 1. E. Americanus L. Strawberry Bush. A shrub 3-8 ft- high ; leaves short-petioled, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, acute or acunii- iiate at the apex, finely serrulate, smooth or slightly hairy ; peduncles axillary, slender, l-o-flowered; flowers greenish; capsule o-5-augled, warty. May-June. In low, shady woods. 2. E. ATROPURPUREUS Jacq. Wahoo. a tree-like shrub 10-15 ft. high ; leaves oval to ovate, acuunuate, finely serrulate, puberulent, petioles ^-| in. long; peduncles slender, o-forked, several flowered; flower purplish ; capsule deeply 3-4-lobed, smooth. May- June. River banks. 73. ACERACEiE. ISIAPLE FAMILY. Trees or shrubs, with watery, often saccharine sap ; leaves opposite, simple and palmately lobed, or pinnate, exstipu- late ; flowers regular, mostly polygamous or dioecious, in axillary and terminal cymes or racemes; calyx 4-9-parted; petals as many as the lobes of the calyx or none ; stamens 4-12, hypogynous ; ovary 2-celled, styles 2 ; fruit a double samara. DICOTYLEDONS. 141 ACER. Characters of the family. 1. A. RUBRUM L. Rp:d ]Maple. a small tree with red or purple twigs; leaves simple, broadly ovate, jnihiiately o-5-lol>ed or sometimes merely serrate or cut-tootlied, acuminate at the apex, rounded or cordate at the base, smooth or pul)escent, becoming briglit red in autumn; flowers appearing before tlie leaves on erect, chistered ])edicels; petals red or yellow, oblong or linear; fruiting pedicels elongated and drooping; samara red, smooth, wings about an inch long. February-ApriL Swamps and river banks. 2. A. Saccharum Marsh. Sugar Maple. A large tree; leaves simple, palmately lobed, truncate or cordate at the base, lobes sinuate-toothed and acuminate, pale and slightly pubescent beneath; flowers appearing with the leaves, on clustered, droojting pedicels; calyx bell-shaped, fringed; petals none; samaras smooth, wings about 1-H ii^- long. April-May. In cold woods, more abundant northward. The sap of this tree is the principal source of maple sugar, and some forms of the tree produce the curled nuiple and bird's-eye maple used in cabinet making. 3. A. N EG UNDO L. Box Elder. A small tree; leaves opposite, pinnately 3-5-foliate ; leaflets ovate, lol)ed, toothed or entire, pubes- cent when young; flowers di'Pcious, ai)i)earing from lateral buds before or with the leaves ; the staminate on long and drooping pedi- cels, the j>istillate in drooping racemes; samaras smooth, 1-H in. long. March-A})ril. River banks. Often cultivated as a (piick- growing shade tree. 74. HIPPOCASTANACEiE. lU'C'KEYI-: FAMILY. Trees or shrubs ; leaves opposite, long-petioled, palmately (;omi)onn(l ; flowers showy, polygamous, in terminal panicles; calyx 5-lobed, oblique; petals 4-5, unequal; stamens 5'S, hy})ogynous : pistil 1, ovary 3-celled, 2 ovules in each cell, style slender; fruit a 1-3-celled, leathery cai)sule, 1-3-seeded, scL'ds with a large scar. iESCULUS. Characters of the family. JE. Pavia L. I{i:i» I'.i rui ^l:. Shnibs; stems erect. br:niche(L 4-8 ft. hi<'li ; l«-allets iisii.illv .'». l;iiie.-u|;il.' t.» luiiiow Iv nval, aeiimi- 142 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. niite at botli ends, finely serrate, smooth or nearly so ; flowers in dense, erect panicles, bright red; stamens rather longer than the petals; fruit nearly smooth. March-May. Common in open woods. 75. RHAMNACEiE. BUCKTHORN FAMILY. Trees, shrubs or woody vines ; stem often thorny ; leaves simple, alternate or opposite, stipulate ; flowers mostly in axillary or terminal cymes or panicles, small, greenish, per- fect or polygamous ; calyx 4-5-parted ; petals hooded, alter- nate with the sepals or wanting; stamens as many as the sepals and opposite them, perigynous ; style 1, ovary 1^- celled with a single ovule in each cell; fruit a drupe or capsule. I. BERCHEMIA. Shrubs ; stems twining or erect ; leaves alternate, promi- nently pinnate-veined, stipules minute ; flowers in axillary or terminal panicles, or rarely solitary ; calyx tube hemi- spherical, 5-lobed; petals 5, sessile, concave, as long as the calyx ; ovary 2-celled, half-inferior, stigmas 2 ; fruit an oval, 2-seeded drupe. B. SCANDENS (Hill) Trel. Supple-jack, Rattan-vine. A woody vine, often twining high ; older bark yellowish, twigs purple, wood very tough ; leaves ovate or oval, acute or obtuse, cuspidate at the apex, rounded at the base, wavy on the margins, green above, pale beneath ; flowers in small panicles ; drupe purple. May-June. In moist woods and along streams. II. RHAMNUS. Shrubs or small trees ; leaves alternate ; flowers in axillary cymes or panicles, perfect, polygamous or dioecious ; calyx tube urn-shaped, 4-5-cleft ; petals small, often wanting; ovary superior, 3-4-celled, style 3-4-parted ; fruit a globose, berry- like drupe with 2-4 smooth or grooved nutlets. R. Caroliniana Walt. Carolina Buckthorn. A small tree with black bark aiul very hard wood; twigs puberulent; leaves DICOTYLEDONS. 143 alternate, prominently veined, elliptical to broadly oval, entire or obsciu'ely serrate, sinooth or sometimes pubescent below; petioles slender, pubescent ; flowers in axillary, peduncled umbels ; petals minute; drupe globose, ^-^ in. in diameter, t]-seeded, seeds smooth. May-June. On river banks. 76. vitace;e. grape family. Climbing woody vines or diffuse shrubs; stems with joints distinct and enlarged; leaves simple or compound, i)etioled, sti[)ulate; flowers perfect, greenish, i)olygamous or difeeious, in cymes, panicles or racemes ; calyx minute, usually trun- cate ; petals 4-5, distinct or united ; stamens 4-5, opposite tlie petals, hypogynous or perigynous ; ovary 1, usually more or less immersed in the disk, 2-G-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell, style short or none, stigma 2-lol)ed ; fruit a 1-G- seeded berry. T. VITIS. Climbing woody vines ; stems with tumid joints, climbing by tendrils opposite sonu' of the leaves ; leaves simple, pal- mately veined or lobed ; stipules small, soon deciduous; flowers mostly polygamous or dicecious ; petals often united at the apex and not expanding ; stamens inserted between the lobes of the disk ; ovary usually 2-celled, 4-ovuled ; fruit juicy, 1-4-seeded. 1. V. LvRRUSCA T.. Fox riit.M'K. Stoius climbing liigli, f)tt('ii 1 It. oi- more in diameter; bark shreddy, coming off in long strips, young l)ranches woolly; leaves broadly cordate, moir or h'ss deeply :>-.")-lol)ed, nnicronate-dentate, very woolly when y«)ung, becoming smooth above; ))anicles of ))istillate flowers com])act, of staminate flowers looser; fruit about | in. in diameter, dark ]>uiple or some- times nearly white. .\pril-May. In ri<-h woods. Many of the cul- livated varieties, Conrord, Niagara, etc.. have l>een developed from til is species. 2. V. AKSTiVAi.is Michx. SiMMKu (iKATK. Stem climbing high; l>ark shreddy; leaves broadly cordate, :{ .Vlobed, tlie lobes dentate, sinuses n»iinded, white-woolly when y<»iing, often nearly smooth when old: tendiils or panicles ojiposite "J out ot every •» 144 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. leaves, panicles long and slender; fruit dark blue, small, very acid. April-May. In rich woods. 3. V. ROTUNDiFOLiA Michx. MuscADiNE Grape. Stem climb- ing high; joints short; bark not shreddy; wood very hard, often producing long, aerial roots ; leaves orbicular, cordate at the base, coarsely dentate, nearly or quite smooth ; panicle small ; fruit few in a cluster, large. May-June. The original form of the Scupper- noiig grape. II. AMPELOPSIS. Climbing or diffuse woody plants ; leaves simple or pin- nately compound ; flowers in long-peduncled cymes, polyg- amous or dioecious ; petals 5, distinct, deciduous ; stamens as many as the petals and opposite them, inserted on the 5-lobed disk ; ovary 2-celled, 2 ovules in each cell ; fruit a berry, not edible. A. ARBOREA (L.) Rusby. Pepper-vixe. Stem diffuse, tendrils often none ; leaves bi-pijmate ; leaflets small, ovate, irregularly lobed or toothed, nearly or quite smooth ; cymes opposite the leaves, fork- ing; berry small, black. May-July. Common on margins of streams. III. PARTHENOCISSUS. Woody vines, climbing by tendrils and rootlets ; leaves palmately compound ; flowers in compound cymes, perfect or polygamous ; petals 5, distinct, spreading, disk none ; stamens 5; ovary 2-celled, 4-ovuled; fruit a 1-4-seeded berry, not edible. P. QUiNQUEFOLiA (L.) Plauch. VIRGINIA Creeper. Stem usually climbing high, but sometimes short and prostrate, often producing many adventitious aerial roots which assist the Adne in holding to a support ; tendrils usually terminating in flat, adhesive disks ; leaves palmately 5-f oliate ; leaflets oval, coarsely and unevenly toothed above, usually entire below, smooth or slightly i)ubescent; cymes large and spreading when mature ; pedicels red ; berries smaU, dark blue. May-June. Common in rich woods. DICOTYLEDONS. 145 77. TILIACEJE. LINDEN FAMILY. Trees or rarely herbs ; leaves simple, alternate ; stipules deciduous ; flowers in axillary or terminal cymes or panicles, ])erfect; sepals usually 5, deciduous; petals 5 or less; sta- mens many, distinct or united in several groups ; style 1, stigma 4-10-lobed ; capsule 2-5-celled, 1-many-seeded. TILIA. Trees with rough, gray bark on the trunk, bark of the twigs smootli, lead-colored; wood white and soft; leaves cordate, usually inequilateral ; cymes axillary or terminal, peduncle adnate to a large, prominently veined bract ; flowers yellowish-white; sepals 5; petals 5; stamens many, in 5 groups ; ovary 5-celled with 2 ovules in each cell, stigma r)-lobed; ca])sule 1 -celled, 1-2-seeded ; peduncle and bract deciduous with the matured fruit, tlie bract forming a wing by which the fruit is often carried to a considerable distance. T. PUBESCENS Ait. Basswood. a tree of luodium size; leaves ovate, acuminate at the apex, obtuse and oblique at the base, mucronate-sen-ate, woolly on botli sides or smooth above when old; flowers fragrant, floral bract '2-) in. long; fruit about ^ in. in diameter. May-June. In rieh woods. Bees gather large quanti- ties of nectar from the flowers. 7s. malvace;e. >lvll()Ws f a:\iily. Shrubs or herbs with mucilaginous juice ; leaves simple, alternate, stipulate, palmately veined, usually with stellate j)ubescen(;e ; flowers mostly axillary, on jointed peduncles, ]K*rfect, regular, often with a calyx-like involucre; se})als 5, united at the base; })etals ;">, strongly convolute in tlu* bud; stamens many, inserted in the base of tlie petals and uniter united, ovary several-celled ; fruit a several-celled deliiscent pod, or a number of separate 1-seeded (tarjjels, united around a cen- tral axis. 146 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. I. ALTH^A. Biennial or perennial lierbs ; stems erect, hairy or pubes- cent ; flowers nearly sessile, involucre of 6-9 bracts 5 an- thers at the top of the column ; styles many ; carpels many, 1 -seeded, indehiscent, separating from the axis at maturity. A. ROSEA Cav. Hollyhock. Biennial; stem erect, 3-6 ft. high, hahy; leaves cordate, 5-7-angied, the lobes irregularly toothed, rugose ; flowers large, sessile, white or colored, often double. Sum- mer. Cultivated and often spontaneous. 11. MALVA. Annual, biennial or perennial herbs ; stems smooth or hair}^, erect or procumbent ; involucel 3-leaved, persistent ; flowers peduncled ; petals obcordate ; anthers at the top of the column ; styles mauy ; carpels numerous, 1-seeded, indehiscent. M. ROTUNDiFOLiA L. Cheeses. Stem annual or perennial, })rocumbent; leaves long-petioled, round-cordate or reniform, crenate or crenately lobed; flowers single or clustered; petals white wdth purple veins, about twice tlie length of the calyx lobes; styles 10- 20 ; carpels broadly renifonn. not beaked, pubescent. May-Novem- ber. Common around dwelhngs. III. CALLIRRHOE. Perennial herbs ; stem erect, ascending or procumbent ; leaves long-petioled, lobed or divided ; involucel 1-3-leaved, persistent, or none ; flowers perfect ; calyx deeply cleft ; petals wedge-shaped, entire or crenate at the apex ; anthers at the top of the stamen tube ; styles many ; carpels numer- ous, 1-seeded, beaked at the apex. C. Papaver (Cav.) Gray. Poppy Mallow. Stem simple or branched above, erect, rough-pubescent, 12-18 in. high; leaves 3—5- parted, the lobes oblong or lanceolate, irregularly toothed ; involucel 1-3-leaved or none; flowers axillary, solitary, on peduncles some- times 1 ft. long, purple, l|-2 in. wide; petals finely crenate at the apex. May-Sei;>tember. Rich, open woods. DICOTYLEDONS. 147 IV. SIDA. Annual or perennial herbs ; stem brandling, erect or decum- bent; leaves mostly undivided; involucel none; flowers small, axillary; calyx angular; anthers at tlie top of the column ; styles 5-15; carpels as many as the styles, mostly 2-valved and 2-beaked, separating from each other at maturity, seed 3-angied. 1. S. SPINOSA L, Pkickly Sida. Annual; stem erect, widely branclied above, 12-18 in. high; leaves petioled, ovate or oblong, usually acute at the apex and rounded at the base, serrate, slightly Itubescent, lower leaves often cordate; petiole oiten with a tubercu- lar spine at the base; stipules slender, half the length of the petiole; il(jwers single or clustered, yellow, ^ in. wide; peduncles shorter than the petioles; carpels faintly reticulated. June-Septend)er. Common in waste places. 2. 8. P^LLiOTTii T. & G. Elliott's Sida. Perennial; stem erect, slender, with straight branches, rough, 1-4 ft. high; leaves on short petioles, linear- o))long or elliptical, serrate, nearly smooth; stipules setaceous; flowers axillary, yellow. ;^-l in. broad; pedun- cles longer than the i)etioles ; carjuds slightly beaked, strongly reticu- latr- (latf, acuniiiuite at the ajx'x, dentate or nearly entire, the blade ahout as long as tlie ]>etiole; ])eduncles axillary, sliorter than the petioles, l-Ij-Howered; flowt-rs yellow ; carpt'ls 12-1 '), strongly spinose- beaked, i>ubescent, somewhat inflated, ij-seeded. May-September. Introduced from C'hiiui. Comiuoii in fields and waste ])hu'es. 2. A.stkiattmL. Aiutilox. An erect or spreading shruh 1-1 ft. high; Iraves long-]»etioleetals 5 (>, obovate, crenulate, silky; stamens monadeljjhous below, in- serted in the base of th(^ corolla ; styles 1 or 5, ovary 5-celled, 2 ovules in each cell ; fruit an ovoid, woody capsule. S. ^L\ I. \( iioDiNDKoN L. llorNO-i iM 1 ri.i) Srr ak ri A. Shriilts, ine Itarrens. 158 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 4. R. LUTEA Walt. Yellow INIeadow-beauty. Stem erect, widely branched, 4-angied, bristly, 10-15 in. high; lower leaves spatu- late or obovate, the upx^er lanceolate and acute, all nearly smooth, margin bristly serrulate ; flowers numerous, about 1 in. wide ; calyx tube short, smooth, much constricted, the lobes cuspidate ; petals yellow; stamens straight, erect. June- August. Damp woods. 88. ONAGRACEiE. EVENING PRIMROSE FAMILY. Herbs, or rarely shrubs ; leaves simple, opposite or alter- nate, exstipiilate but sometimes with basal glands ; flowers solitary, spiked or racemed ; calyx adherent to the ovary, and often prolonged, into a tube beyond it, usually 4-lobed ; petals distinct, usually 4, sometimes none; stamens 4 or 8, inserted with the petals at the top of the calyx tube ; ovary 1-6-celled, style 1, simple or 4-parted ; fruit a capsule or berry, dehiscent or indehiscent, 1-many-seeded. I. LUDWIGIA. Perennial herbs, often stoloniferous ; leaves simple, oppo- site or alternate, entire ; flowers axillary or terminal ; calyx tube not prolonged beyond the ovary, cylindrical or obconic, usually crowned with 4 persistent lobes ; petals 4, roundish or obcordate, often wanting; stamens 4, short; style capitate or 4-lobed ; capsule 4-5-celled, winged or angled, many-seeded. 1. L. ALATA Ell. Winged Ludwigia. Stem erect, smooth, simple or branched, winged, often stoloniferous, . 2-3 ft. high ; leaves alternate, oblanceolate or almost linear, nearly or quite sessile, obscurely dentate ; flowers axillary or in terminal spikes, small, ses- sile; calyx glabrous; petals none; capsule cubical or obpyramidal, angles winged; seeds ovoid, faintly pitted. June-September. On marshy ground. 2. L. hirtella Raf. Haiky Ludwigia. Stem erect, slender, simple or sparingly branched, hairy, 2-3 ft. high ; leaves alternate, lanceolate or oblong, obtuse at the apex, sessile and rounded at the base, hirsute ; flowers axillary, on 2-bracted pedicels ; calyx lobes erect or spreading, lanceolate, acute, about half as long as the yellow, obovate petals, and longer than the cubical, hairy capsule. June- September. In flat pine barrens. DICOTYLEDONS. 159 3. L. ALTERNiFOLiA L. Rattle-box. Stem erect, much branched, smooth or pubescent, 2-3 ft. high ; leaves alternate, short- petioled, lanceolate or elliptical, acute ; flowers axillary, or the upper ones somewhat racemed, on short 2-bracted peduncles ; calyx lobes ovate, acute, spreading, deciduous, about as long as the obovate, yellow, caducous petals ; capsule smooth, cubical, angles slightly winged. June-SeptemV)er. In swamps. II. JUSSIiEA. Perennial herbs ; stems erect or creeping, smooth ; leaves alternate, petioled or sessile ; flowers solitary, axillary, white or yellow ; calyx tube not prolonged beyond the ovary, the limb 4-6-lobed, persistent ; petals 4-6 ; stamens 8-12, in 2 rows, inserted with the petals ; stigma 4-6-lobed ; capsule elongated, angled, 4-6-celled, many-seeded. J. DECUREENs (Walt.) DC. Upright Jussi^a. Stem erect, smooth, angled, branched above, 1-3 ft. high ; leaves alternate, lanceolate, entire, smooth, acute at the apex, sessile and decurrent on the stem; flowers nearly sessile; calyx lobes 4, lanceolate, acuminate;- petals 4, yellow, obovate, a little longer than the calyx lobes; sta- mens 8; capsule oblong-clavate, 4-angled, many-seeded. June- September. On wet soil. III. ONAGRA. Annual or biennial herbs ; stems erect ; leaves alternate, toothed, sessile or short-petioled ; flowers in terminal, leafy sj)ikes, yellow, nocturnal ; calyx tube prolonged beyond the ovary, the lobes narrow, becoming retlexed and deciduous ; petals 4 ; stamens S, ofjual in leni^tli ; style elongated, stigma 4-parted ; capsule 4-celled, 4-angled, many-seeded. O. niEXNis (L.) Scop. EvENixG Primrose. Biennial, or some- times annual; stem stout, erect, branched above, liirsute or nearly smooth, 2-G ft. high; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute at the apex, sessile or narrowed into a p<'tiole below, wavy-. araliace;e. ginseng family. Herbs, shrubs or trees ; leaves compound ; flowers in um- V)els which are often paniculate, polygamous or sometimes perfect ; calyx tube adherent to the ovary, its limb 5-toothed or truncate ; petals usually 5, small, flat, and spreading, in- serted on the summit of the calyx tube ; stamens as many as the petals and alternate with them ; styles 2-5 ; fruit a 1 -several-celled dru[)e or berry. I. ARALIA. Herbs, shrubs or trees ; leaves alternate, })iniiately diH-om- l)()uiid, base of the petiole sheathing ; umlxds in cymes or panicles ; flowers small, w^hite or greenish, on jointed i)edicels ; calyx r)-toothed or truncatt; ; i)etals, stamens and styles o ; fruit usually a 5-seeded berry. 1. A. si'iNosA L. IlKitcri-Ks's Ci.rn. A small tree, stem, branelies and pcliujcs with very nuinrrous, large jiriekies; leaves 162 ELEME^^TS OF BOTANY. long-petioled, bipiuiiately compound, leaflets stalked, ovate, acumi- nate at the apex, obtuse and inequilateral at the base, serrate, thick, smooth and shining above, glaucous and slightly pubescent beneath, often with smaller leaflets intermixed ; umbels in very large, ter- minal, hoary or pubescent panicles ; flowers small, white ; styles distinct; fruit ovoid, 5-lobed, black, about as long as the pedicel. June-August. In swamps, often cultivated. 2. A. RACEMOSA L. Spikenard. Perennial herb ; root thick, aromatic ; stem erect, smooth, widely branched, 3-5 ft. high ; leaves ternately decompound, leaflets cordate, acuminate at the apex, sharply and doubly serrate ; umbels in large panicles ; flow^ers small, greenish ; styles united below ; fruit dark brown or purple, globose. June- July. In rich woods. 3. A. NUDicAULis L. Sarsaparilla. Perennial herb ; roots very long, somewhat fleshy, aromatic ; stem very short or none ; leaf solitary from a sheathing base, petioled, 6-12 in. long; ternately divided, the divisions o-5-pinnate ; leaflets oval or ovate, acuminate, finely and sharply serrate, smooth above, often pubescent below ; scape nearly as long as the petiole, usually bearing o short-peduncled umbels ; flowers greenish ; styles distinct ; fruit globose, black. May- June. In rich woods. II. PANAX. Perennial herbs ; root fleshy, aromatic ; stem naked, with a whorl of palmately compound leaves and a single umbel of greenish flowers at its summit ; calyx minutely 5-tootlied ; petals and stamens 5 ; styles 2-3 ; fruit a drupe-like berry with 2-3 seeds. ' P. QUiNQUEFOLiuM L. GiNSENG. Root fusiform, often forked, 3-5 in. long ; stem erect, glabrous ; leaflets 5-7, stalked, the upper longer, oval or obovate, acuminate at the apex, sharply and unevenly serrate; umbel 5-15-flowered, pedicels short, peduncles 1-2 in. long; flowers small, greenish-yellow ; styles 2 ; berry compressed-globose, bright red, 2-3-seeded. June-August. In rich, shady woods. 00. UMBELLIFERiE. PARSLEY FAMILY. Herbs ; stems usually hollow and grooved ; leaves alternate, simple, compound or decompound, base of the petiole usually sheathing ; flowers small, in simple, compound or decompound umbels, or sometimes in close heads ; base of the umbel usually DICOTYLEDONS. 163 subtended by an involucre, and the divisions of the compound umbel by involucels ; calyx tube adnate to the ovary, trun- cate or minutely 5-toothed ; petals and stamens 5, inserted in tlie disk at the top of the calyx tube ; ovary 2-celled, styles 2, distinct ; fruit of 2 carpels which separate from each other at maturity, each carpel with 5 longitudinal ribs, and often 4 additional ribs between them ; oil tubes are usually present under or between the ribs. [The flowers are all so much alike, and the foliage varies so widely in species of the same genus, that the characters for classification depend almost wholly upon minute structural peculiarities of the fruit, making the family an exceedingly difficult one for study. There are about 27 genera and 51 species in our region, but most of them flower late in the season.] I. DAUCUS. Annual or biennial herbs; leaves pinnately decompound, the divisions finely dissected and linear ; umbels compound, the outer rays longer; flowers white or pink, involucre of ])innately dissected leaflets, involucels bract-like, entire or tootlied; calyx teeth minute or wanting; petals obovate ; car- pels obovate, ribs 9, })rickly or bristly, oil tubes 6. I). iTsiLLTs Miclix. Wild Carrot. Stem erect, simple or with a few branches above, roii<;li-his]>id, 1-2 ft. high; k»aves twice ])iii- iiate, divisions hnear; uinlu'ls loiii;-])eaited ; umbellets with numerous staminate flowers, pistillate flowers few; petals greenish-white; styles elongated and conspicuous, re- curved ; fruit ovoid, with 5 large oil tubes. May-June. In dry woods. 01. CORNACEiE. DOCnVOOD FAMILY. Trees or shrubs ; leaves simple, alternate, opposite or ver- ticillate, usually entire, exstipulate ; flowers perfect, polyga- mous or dioecious, cymose or capitate ; calyx tube coherent with the ovary, 4-5-toothed or truncate; petals 4-5 or want- ing; stamens 4-10, inserted with the petals in the disk at the top of the ovary ; ovary 1-2-celled, style long or short; fruit a berry-like, 1-2-celled, 1-2-seeded drupe. I. CORNUS. Shrubs or small trees ; loaves usually opposite or verticil- late ; flowers i)erfect, in cymes or heads, the iieads subti'nded by a large involucre; calyx tube minutely 4-t()()thed ; petals 4 ; stamens 4 ; stigma capitate or truncate ; fruit a 2-t'i'lh'd, 2-seeded drn})e. 1. C. Fi.oiiiDA L. Fi,<)Wi.i;iN(; DiMiWooD. Snmll trcfs; hark rough, black; leaves opposite, petioled, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, entire, green and shining above, ])aler and often pubescent beneath; llowers small, greenish, in heads which are subtended by 4 large, white or ]»iid\, obcordate bracts, thickened and greenish at the sinus; fruit ovoid, bri-lit yvi\. April May. In rich woods. 166 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 2. C. Amonum Mill. KiNNiKiNNiK. A shrub, O-lO ft. high; twigs purple, pubescent when young ; leaves opposite, j^etioled, ovate or oblong, acuminate, smooth above, silky-pubescent below; flowers white, in rather close cymes ; drupe blue, stone somewhat oblique. May-June. In low woods. 3. C. ASPERiFOLiA Michx. Rough-leaved Dogwood. A shrub 8-12 ft. high ; twigs slender, reddish-brown, often warty, densely pubescent when young; leaves opposite, short-petioled, lance-ovate or oblong, acute or acuminate, rough-pubescent above, Avoolly pubescent below; cymes flat, spreading, the peduncle and branches rough- pubescent; flowers white ; drupe white or pale blue, stone depressed- globose. May-June. In dry woods. 4. C. ALTERNIFOLIA L. AlTERNATE-LEAVED DoGWOOD. A shrub or small tree ; twigs greenish, striped ; leaves alternate, often clustered at the ends of the twigs, long-petioled, oval, acute at the apex and often at the base, minutely toothed, pale and pubescent beneath ; cymes loose and open ; flowers white ; drupe deep blue, seeds globose. May-June. Banks of streams. 11. NYSSA. Trees or shrubs ; leaves alternate, petioled, entire or few- toothed ; flowers polygamous or dioecious, the staminate in many-flowered heads or cymes, the pistillate in small clusters or solitary ; calyx tube 5-toothed or truncate ; petals minute or wanting; stamens 5-10; ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled, style long and recurved; fruit a 1-seeded drupe. 1. N. sylvatica Marsh. Black Gum. A tree with widely spread- ing branches and dark, rough bark, wood light-colored, very tough, base of trunk often enlarged ; leaves often clustered at the ends of the twigs, oval or obovate, acuminate or obtuse at the apex, entire, smooth and shining above, pubescent beneath, becoming bright red in autumn; staminate flowers in capitate clusters; pistillate 3-10 in a long-peduncled cluster ; drupe ovoid, dark blue or nearly black, ^ in. long, stone slightly ridged. April-May. In rich, wet soil. 2. N". AQUATiCA L. Tupelo. A large tree, similar to the pre- ceding ; leaves long-petioled, oval or ovate, acute at each end, entire or coarsely toothed, the lower sometimes cordate, smooth above, tomentose beneath, 4-8 in. long; staminate flowers in capitate clus- ters; pistillate flowers on long peduncles, solitary; drupe ovoid, dark blue, stone sharply ridged. April. In swamps. DICOTYLEDONS. 167 92. CLETHRACEiE. WHITE-ALDER FAMILY. Trees or shrubs ; leaves alternate, petioled, serrate, decid- uous, exstipulate, pubescence stellate ; flowers in solitary or clustered terminal racemes, small, white ; calyx 5-parted, per- sistent ; petals 5, slightly united below, deciduous ; stamens 10, anthers sagittate ; ovary free, style slender, 3-cleft, sta- mens and style exserted ; fruit a globose, dehiscent cajisule, o-celled, 3-valved, many-seeded. CLETHRA. Characters of the family. C. ALNiFOLiA L. White Aldkk. Shrubs, 3-8 ft. high; twigs and branches tomentose ; leaves short-petioled, obovate, acute at tlie apex, cuneate at the base, serrate, smooth on both sides ; racemes simple or panicled, flowers on short pedicels subtended by short, deciduous bracts ; flowers ^ in. wide, very fragrant ; filaments smooth ; style hairy, longer than the stamens ; capsule about the length of the calyx. June-July. In damp woods, usually on sandy soil. on. MONOTROPACEiE. INDIAN PIPE FAMILY. Low herbs ; saprophytic on decaying roots or vegetable mat- ter ; stems fleshy, leafless, but with numerous leaf-like bracts ; flowers solitary or clustered, perfect, regular ; sepals 2-6, erect, slightly united at the base ; petals 2-6, distinct or united ; both calyx and corolla deciduous ; stamens 6-12, hypogynous, distinct or united ; ovary free, style long or short, stigma capitate, or peltate and rayed ; fruit a 1-6-celled, many-seeded capsule, seeds minute, reticulated. I. MONOTROPA. Stems fleshy, single or clustered, simple ; bracts numerous ; flowers solitary, nodding, the cai)sule becoming erect in fruit; sepals 2-4, deciduous; petals 5-6, somewhat persistent; sta- 168 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. mens 10-12, anthers peltate ; ovary 5-celled, style short, stigma peltate ; capsule 5-celled, 5-valved. M. UNiFLORA L. Indian Pipe. Stem smooth, succulent, 4-6 in. high ; bracts ovate or lanceolate ; flower tubular, |-1 in. long, iu- odorous ; stauiens a little shorter than the petals ; capsule angled, ^-| in. long; whole plant waxy white, turning black in drying. June- August. In moist, shady woods. II. HYPOPITYS. Low, saprophytic herbs ; stems erect, simple, pubescent above ; bracts numerous ; flowers in a one-sided, terminal raceme ; terminal flowers usually with 5 petals and 10 sta- mens ; the others with 4 petals and 8 stamens ; sepals as many as the petals ; petals saccate at the base ; ovary free, style longer than the stamens, stigma ciliate ; capsule 3-5 celled, many seeded. H. Hypopitys (L.) Small. Pine-sap. Stems single or clustered, white or reddish, 4-8 in. high; bracts ovate-lanceolate; flowers succu- lent, fragrant, ^-| in. long; capsule oval, | in. long. June-August. In dry, shady woods. 94. ERICACEAE. HEATH FAMILY. Trees, shrubs or perennial herbs ; leaves alternate or opposite, simple, exstipulate, often evergreen ; flowers axil- lary or terminal, solitary or variously clustered, perfect ; calyx 4-5-parted or cleft, usually persistent ; corolla 4-5-lobed or parted ; stamens 5-10, hypogynous, distinct, anthers 2- celled, often awned ; ovary free, 2-5-celled, style long or short, stigma entire or 3-lobed ; fruit a 2-5-celled capsule or berry, seeds few or numerous. [Plants of this family are rarely found on lime soils.] I. AZALEA. Shrubs, often much branched; leaves alternate, thin, de- ciduous ; flowers very showy in terminal umbels from scaly DICOTYLEDONS. 169 buds which become well developed the previous season ; calyx very small, 5-parted ; corolla bell-shaped, the tube long and slender, the limb spreading and somewhat one-sided ; stamens usually 5, sometimes 10, declined, anthers awnless ; style long and slender, declined, stigma capitate ; capsule oblong or linear, 5-celled, many-seeded, seeds very small, scale-like. 1. A. NUDiFLOKA L. WiLD HONEYSUCKLE. A brandling shrub, 4-6 ft. high ; twigs smooth or with a few coarse hairs ; leaves obovate or oblong, ciliate-serrate, pubescent, becoming smooth above ; petioles short ; flowers appearing with or before the leaves, pink or white, sometimes yellowish, fragrant, 1-2 in. wide, tube pubescent but not glandular ; capsule erect, linear-oblong, |-| in. long. April-May. Swamps and banks of streams ; flowers extremely variable in size and color. 2. A. viscosA L. Swamp Honeysuckle. A shrub, 4-6 ft. high ; branches hairy ; leaves obovate, coriaceous, niucronate at the apex, mostly smooth above, pubescent on the veins beneath ; petioles very short; flowers appearing later than the leaves, white, fragrant, li-2 in. long, tube long, glandular-viscid ; capsule erect, |^-| in. long, bristly. June-July. In swamps. II. KALMIA. Erect and branching shrubs ; leaves alternate, opposite or in 3's, entire, coriaceous, evergreen ; flowers showy, in corymbs or 1-3 in the axils ; calyx 5-parted ; corolla flat-campanulate or rotate, 5-lobed ; stamens 10, the anthers placed in pouches in the corolla, filaments straightening elastically at maturity and so bringing the anthers in contact with the capitate stigma; style long and slender; capsule globose, 5-celled, many-seeded. 1. K. AXGusTiFOLiA L. SiiEEP Laurfl. A shrub 1-3 ft. high, with smooth, nearly erect branches; leaves petioled, opposite or in 3's, oblong, ol)tuse at hoth ends, dark green above, paler beneath; corymbs lateral, glandular; flowers purple or crimson, ^-^ in. broad; pedicels slender, recurved in fruit; calyx ])ubescent, persistent; style persistent; capsule dcpn^sscd-glohose. April-,rune. On hillsides; more ahundant northward. 2. K. LATiFoLLV l>. Calko llisiL .\ slind» 1-10 11. liigh ; Itranches stout, smooth ; leaves mostly alternate, petioled, elliptical or oval, acute at each end, smooth and green on both sides; corynd)S terminal, compouud : flowcfs white to rose color, showy, 1 in. hroad; 170 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. calyx and corolla glandular ; pedicels long, slender, viscid-glandular, erect in fruit ; calyx and style persistent. May-June, Shady banks on rocky or sandy soil. III. LEUCOTHOE. Shrubs ; leaves alternate, entire or serrate, deciduous or persistent; flowers white or pink, in terminal or axillary racemes ; pedicels jointed ; calyx deeply 5-parted, persistent ; corolla cylindrical or urn-shaped, 5-toothed ; stamens 10, in- cluded, anthers curved or mucronate ; disk 10-lobed ; ovary 5-celled, style slender, stigma capitate ; fruit a 5-celled, 5-valved, many-seeded capsule. 1. L. AXILLARIS (Lam.) Don. Downy Leucothoe. A shrub 2-4 ft. high ; branches curved, puberulent when young ; leaves oval to elliptical, spinose-serrate, at least near the apex, coriaceous, evergreen, short-petioled, dark green and shining above, paler and slightly pubes- cent beneath; racemes axillary, sessile, about half the length of the leaves, densely many-flowered ; corolla cylindrical ; anthers horned at the summit ; stigma 5-parted. February-March. Banks of streams. 2. L. RACEMOSA (L.) Gray. Swamp Leucothoe;. A shrub 4-10 ft. high; branches straight, smooth or puberulent; leaves ovate or oblong, short-petioled, thin, deciduous, nearly or quite smooth above, pubescent beneath ; racemes mostly terminal, longer than the leaves, and appearing with or before them ; pedicels jointed ; calyx with 2 persistent bracts at the base ; anthers 2-awned ; style slender, stigma capitate ; capsule subglobose. April-June. Margins of swamps and streams. IV. PIERIS. Shrubs or small trees ; leaves alternate, often persistent and green through the winter; flowers in terminal or axil- lary racemes or clusters, nodding on bracted pedicels ; calyx deeply 5-parted ; corolla ovoid, urn-shaped or bell-shaped, 5-lobed with recurved teeth ; stamens 10, included, anthers awned or awnless ; disk 10-lobed ; ovary 5-celled, style thick, stigma truncate ; fruit a 5-celled, 5-angled, globose, many- seeded capsule. P. xitida (Bartr.) B. & H. Fetter-bush. A shrub 2-6 ft. high; branches 3-angled, snmoth, yellowish-green ; leaves evergreen, oval or oblong, very thick and coriaceous, entire, the margins bor- DICOTYLEDONS. 171 dered by a prominent nerve and revolute, short-petioled ; flo^Yers in numerous axillary, umbel-like clusters, fragrant ; calyx lobe spread- ing, purple ; corolla ovoid with a narrow throat, white or bright pink, ^ in. long ; anthers awned ; capsule ribbed at the sutures. March-May. Common in low, pine barrens. V. OXYDENDRUM. A small tree ; leaves alternate, petioled, deciduous ; flowers white, in long and slender, one-sided, panicled racemes ; pedi- cels 2-bracted; calyx 5-parted, persistent; corolla ovoid, 5-toothed ; stamens 10, about equaling tlie corolla ; ovary 5-celled, style thick ; fruit a conical, 5-celled, 5-angled, many- seeded, capsule. O. AKUOREUM (L.) DC. SouR-wooD. A Small tree with smooth, dark-colored bark ; leaves oval to oblong, acuminate, serrulate, smooth on both sides, prominently reticulate-veined, sour to the taste ; petioles slender ; panicles terminal, pubescent ; flowers white, I in. long, pedicels curved in fruit ; style persistent. April-»June. In rich, moist woods. VI. EPIGJEA. Prostrate or trailing shrubs ; stems rusty-pubescent, 6-12 in. long ; leaves alternate, coriaceous, evergreen ; flowers in dense, bracted, terminal racemes or clusters ; calyx 5-parted, persistent; corolla salver-shaped, 5-lobed ; stamens 10, about the length of the corolla tube ; ovary 5-lobed, style columnar, stigma 5-lobed ; fruit a globose, hairy, 5-celled, many-seeded capsule. E. UKPKNS L. Orouxi) Latrel. Stems creeping, the young twigs ascending; leaves oval or somewhat cordate, entire, reticulate- veined, smooth above, hirsute beneath ; petioles short, hirsute ; racemes shorter than the leaves ; flowers bright ])ink, ^ in. broad, very fragrant. February-March. In dry woods, often covering consid('ral)le areas. 05. VACCINIACEJE. IUCKLKliKKKV FA.MILY. Shrubs or sm;ill trees; leaves altt'rnat(\ simple, exstipu- late ; flowers clustered or solitary, i)erfect; pedicels bracted; 172 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. calyx tube adherent to the ovary, 4-5-lobed ; corolla globose, tubular or campanulate, 4-5-lobed; stamens twice as many as the lobes of the corolla, filaments usually short, flattened ; ovary 2-10-celled, style slender, stigma simple or minutely lobed; fruit a globose berry, 2-10-celled, cells 1-several- seeded. [Rare on lime soils.] I. GAYLUSSACIA. Low branching shrubs, mostly resinous-dotted ; leaves ser- rate or entire; flowers small, white or pink, in lateral, bracted racemes, nodding ; pedicels usually 2-bracteolate ; calyx tube short, obconic, the lobes persistent ; corolla ovoid to bell- shaped, 5-lobed, the lobes erect or recurved ; stamens equal, usually included, anthers awnless ; fruit a 10-seeded berry. 1. G. FRONDOSA (L.) T. & G. Tangleberry. An erect shrub 1-3 ft. high ; branches spreading, slender, gray, slightly pubescent ; leaves entire, oblong or obovate, obtuse, thin, smooth and green above, paler, pubescent, and with resinous dots beneath; petioles short; racemes few-flowered ; corolla small, greenisli-pink, short-bell-shaped ; bracts small, oblong, shorter than the pedicels ; berry depressed- globose, dark blue, glaucous, sweet, about ^ in. in diameter. April- May. On low ground. 2. G. DUMOSA (Andr.) T. & G. Dwarf Huckleberry. A branching shrub, 1-2 ft. high ; branches pubescent above, usually leafless below ; leaves thick and firm, oblong-obovate, obtuse, sessile or nearly so, serrulate, soon smooth and shining above, pubescent or hirsute below ; racemes short, few-flowered ; bracts ovate, leaf-like, usually longer than the hirsute pedicels ; corolla white, bell-shaped, angled; berry black, ^-^ in. in diameter, insipid. April-May. Low, sandy pine barrens and swamps. II. VACCINIUM. Shrubs or small trees ; leaves entire or serrulate, often coriaceous and evergreen; flowers terminal or lateral, clus- tered or solitary, nodding ; pedicels 2-bracteolate ; calyx tube globose or hemispherical, 4-5-lobed, persistent ; corolla urn- shaped, cylindrical or campanulate, 4-5-lobed ; stamens twice as many as the lobes of the corolla, anthers awned or awn- DICOTYLEDONS. 173 less ; ovary 4-5-celle(l, each cell partially divided by a parti- tion which makes the ovary appear 8-10-celled, style slender, stigma simple ; fruit a many-seeded berry. 1. V. coRYMBOSUM L. HiGH-BUSH BLUEBERRY. An erect shrub, 6-12 ft. high ; branches rigid, young twigs minutely warty ; leaves deciduous, oval to ovate-lanceolate, acute, margins bristly, serrulate, smooth or pubescent, short-petioled ; racemes numerous, appearing with or before the leaves ; bracts oval or oblong, decidu- ous ; flowers white or pink ; corolla almost as long as the pedicel, cylindrical ; berry globose, blue or black, flavor slightly acid, pleas- ant. February-April. Common in woods and thickets, whole plant extremely variable. 2. V, sTAMiNEUM L. Deerberry. An erect shrub, 3-10 ft. high ; branches widely spreading, twigs smooth or puberulent ; leaves deciduous, oval or oblong, acute or acuminate at the apex, obtuse or slightly cordate at the base, firm, smooth, and green above, pale and sliglitly pubescent beneath, petioled ; racemes with leaf-like bracts ; flowers numerous, drooping, on jointed, slender pedicels ; corolla bell-shaped, purplish-green ; 2-awned anthers and style ex- serted ; berry globose or pear-shaped, inedible. April-.Tune. Dry woods. 3. Y. arboreum Marsh. Farkleberry. Tree-like, sometimes 30 ft. high ; bark gray ; twigs slender, smooth or pubescent ; leaves deciduous, ovate or oval, nuicronate, entire or glandular-dentate, coriaceous, green al)ove, often slightly pubescent beneath ; racemes with leaf-like bracts ; pedicels slender, drooping ; corolla campanulate, white; anthers included; style exserted ; berry globose, black, mealy, ripening in winter. May-June. Common in dry, open woods. OG. PRIMULACEiE. PRIMROSE FAMILY. Annual or perennial herbs ; leaves scattered, or clustered and radical ; inflorescence various, flowers regular, perfect ; calyx free or adherent to the base of the ovary, usually 4-5- lobed and persistent ; corolla 4-5-lobed ; stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and opposite them, inserted on its tube or hypogynous, filaments distinct or slightly united at the base ; ovary 1-celled, with a free central placenta, style single, stigma entire, capitate ; fruit a 1-celled, many-seeded capsule. 174 ELEMENTS OP BOTANY. I. STEIRONEMA. Perennial herbs ; leaves opposite or whorled, simple, entire ; flowers yellow, axillary or racemose, on slender peduncles; calyx tube 5-parted, persistent ; corolla 5-parted, rotate, tube very short or none, the lobes denticulate at the apex, and in the bud each one enclosing a stamen ; stamens 5, distinct or slightly united at the base, sterile rudiments often alternat- ing with them ; ovary globose, style slender ; fruit a globose, 5-valved, few or many-seeded capsule. 1. S. ciLiATUM (L.) Raf. Fringed Loosestrife. Stems erect, slender, simple or branched, 1-3 ft. high ; leaves opposite, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, acute at the apex, rounded at the base, margins and petioles hairy-fringed ; flowers solitary on axillary peduncles, |-1 in. broad ; petals broadly ovate or roundish, denticulate ; calyx shorter than the capsule. June-August. AVoods and thickets. 2. S. LAXCEOLATUM (Walt.) Gr. Lance-leaved Loosestrife. Stem erect, slender, smooth, simple or branched, 1--3 ft. high ; leaves opposite or the upper ones whorled, the lower leaves petioled, broadly ovate or orbicular, the upper linear-lanceolate or linear, sessile, mar- gins smooth or ciliate ; flowers on slender axillary branches, ^-| in. broad ; petals cuspidate ; capsule nearly as long as the calyx lobes. June- August. On damp soil. IL ANAGALLIS. Annual or perennial herbs ; stems erect or diffuse ; leaves opposite or whorled ; flowers axillary, peduncled ; calyx tube 5-parted, persistent ; corolla rotate, 5-parted, longer than the calyx; stamens 5, inserted on the base of the corolla, fila- ments bearded ; ovary globose, style slender, stigma capitate ; fruit a many-seeded capsule with circumscissile dehiscence. A. ARVENSis L. Poor Man's Weather-glass. Annual; stem spreading, widely branched, 4-angled, smooth, 4-12 in. long ; leaves opposite, sessile, ovate, black-dotted beneath ; flowers on peduncles longer than the leaves, nodding in fruit; corolla glandular-ciliate, longer than the acute calyx lobes, bright red, opening in sunshine ; capsule globose, tipped by the persistent style. May- July. Intro- duced, and common in fields and cardens. DICOTYLEDONS. 175 III. DODECATHEON. Perennial, acaulescent herbs ; leaves all radical, in a rosu- late tuft ; flowers in an involucrate umbel at the summit of a naked scape ; calyx 5-cleft, the lobes reflexed ; corolla 5- cleft, tube very short, lobes reflexed; stamens 5, filaments short and united at the base, anthers long and erect ; ovary free from the calyx, style long and slender, exserted, stigma capitate ; fruit an oblong, many-seeded capsule. D. Meadia L. Shooting Star. Rootstock stout ; leaves spatu- late or oblong, tapering into a petiole, smooth, entire or crenate ; scape smooth, 10-20 in. high ; umbel many-flowered, flowers showy, nodding on long and slender pedicels which become erect in fruit ; corolla purple or white ; involucral bracts lanceolate or linear ; cap- sule ovoid, ^-| in. long, seeds small, punctate. April-June. In dry woods ; one of the most beautiful wild flowers. 07. EBENACEiE. EBOXY FAMILY. Trees or shrubs ; leaves simple, alternate, entire, exstipu- late, petioled; flowers polygamous, dioecious or rarely per- fect, the staminate cymose, the pistillate axillary and solitary ; calyx free from the ovary, 3-7-lobed, persistent ; corolla 3-7- lobed, deciduous ; stamens 15-20 in the staminate flowers, inserted on the base of the corolla, often in pairs ; usually a few abortive stamens in the pistillate flowers ; ovary supe- rior, several-celled, 1-3 ovules in each cell, styles 2-8, dis- tinc.t or united below ; fruit fleshy, several-seeded. DIOSPYROS. Trees or shrubs ; leaves broad ; flowers lateral ; calyx 4-6- lobed, ])('rsisteiit, becoming enlarged and thickened in fruit; corolla bell-shaped, 4-r)-cleft ; stamens usually IG in the staminjite flowers ; styles in the ])istillate flowers 2-4, united below, cells of the ovary double the number of the styles; fruit l)ulpy, with several large, flat seeds. D. ViiuJiNr.VNA F.. IM.itsiMMox. Trees, with voiil;)!. hlack h:irlc Mud vanicles borne on wood of the previous season ; calyx small, 4-cleft, persistent ; corolla wheel-shaped, 4-parted, the lobes long and linear; stamens 2-4, included, inserted on the base of the corolla ; style short, stigma 2-lobed ; fruit a 1-seeded drupe. C. ViRGiNiCA L. Fringe-tree. A small tree, with smooth, light gray bark and spreading branches; leaves oval to oblong, acute or obtuse at each end, smooth or slightly pubescent ; panicles large and loose, leafy-bracted, appearing with the leaves ; flowers on slender, drooping pedicels ; petals 1 in. or more in length ; drupe ovoid, purple, |— § in. long. April-May. Along streams, usually on light soil. III. LIGUSTRUM. Shrubs; leaves simple, opi)osite, entire, deciduous or some- times persistent ; flowers in terminal panicles or thyrses, white, small ; calyx minutely 4-toothed or truncate; corolla funnel-form, 4-lobed ; stamens 2, sliort, inserted in the tube of the corolla; ovary free, 2-celled, 2 ovules in each cell, style sliort ; fruit a 1-4-seeded, globose berry. L. vri.cARE L. Privet. A branching shrub 4-10 ft. liigli; branches long and slender; leaves somewhat coriaceous, lanceolate to obovate, short-pet ioled, tardily deciduous ; panicles dense, minutely pubescent; flowers fragrant, | in. wide; stamens inchnled; berries black. Ai>ril-Juiie. Iiitrofluccd from iMirope and used largely for hedges. 180 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. IV. OLEA. Trees or shrubs ; leaves evergreen, opposite, simple, coria- ceous ; flowers in axillary racemes or panicles, fragrant ; calyx 4-toothed, persistent; corolla short-salver-form, 4-lobed ; stamens 2, exserted ; stigma globose or 2-lobed ; fruit a 1-2- seeded drupe. 1. O. Americana L. American Olive. A small tree ; Lark smooth, light gray ; leaves thick, elliptical to obovate, petioled, entire, smooth and shining ; racemes axillary, shorter than the leaves ; flow- ers polygamous or dioecious, bracted ; drupe ovoid, dark purple, bitter and astringent. March-April. Along streams and margins of swamps ; more abiuidant near the coast. 2. O. fragrans Thunb. Sweet Olive. A small tree ; leaves thick, lanceolate-oblong, petioled, serrate, smooth and shining; flow- ers in axillary corymbs, white or pink, very fragrant ; drupe globose, black. March-May. Introduced from China and widely cultivated. 101. LOGANIACEiE. LOGANIA FAMILY. Herbs, shrubs or twining vines ; leaves simple, opposite, connate, or the bases connected by a stipular line ; flowers perfect, regular, in spikes or cymes, or axillary and solitary ; calyx tube free from the ovary, 4-5-lobed ; corolla tubular to campanulate ; stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and inserted in the tube ; ovary mostly 2-celled, style sin- gle, stigma 2-5-cleft ; fruit a 2-valved, few- or- many-seeded capsule. I. gelsemium: Twining woody vines ; leaves evergreen, opposite, bases connected by a stipular line ; flowers in bracted axillary or terminal cymes ; pedicels scaly-bracted ; calyx 5-parted, per- sistent ; corolla funnel-form, 5-lobed, the lobes rounded ; sta- mens 5, inserted near the base of the corolla tube, anthers oblong-sagittate ; ovary 2-celled, style 1, deeply 4-parted ; fruit an oblong, compressed, 2-celled capsule, seeds several, flattened and winged. DICOTYLEDONS. 181 G. SEMPP:RVinExs (L.) Ait. Yellow Jessamine. Stein smooth, twining high ; young branches purple ; leaves lanceolate to ovate, acuminate at the apex, acute to slightly cordate at the base, entire, coriaceous; flowers H in. long, bright yellow, fragrant, of two forms, in one of which the anthers are exserted and the style included, while in the other the anthers are included and style long ; pedicels short ; capsule flattened contrary to the partition, seeds oval, winged at the apex. March- April. Woods and river banks. II. SPIGELIA. Herbs ; leaves opposite, entire ; flowers in one-sided, scor- pioid spikes, or rarely solitary ; calyx 5-parted, its lobes slen- der, persistent ; corolla tubular-funnel form, 5-lobed, the tube many-nerved ; stamens 5, inserted in the tube of the corolla, anthers linear; style slender, jointed in the middle, bearded above, stigma capitate, ovary 2-celled, ovules many ; fruit a capsule, few-seeded, seeds not winged. S. Marilandica L. Pinkkoot. Perennial; stem simple, erect, smooth, 4-angled, 1-2 ft. high ; leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, acute at the apex, rounded or sessile at the base, smooth above, pubescent on the veins beneath ; spikes terndnal, many-flowered, sometimes forking, bracted below the short pedicels; corolla H-'i in. long, dark red outside, yellow within, lobes lanceolate, spreading ; anthers and style exserted ; capsule somewhat flattened, seeds flattened, orbicu- lar. May-June. In rich woods. 102. GENTIANACE^. (;P:XTIAX FAMILY. Herbs ; mostly with a bitter juice ; stem smooth ; leaves simple, opposite or verticillate, exstipulate, entire ; flowers l)erfect, regular, terminal or axillary, clustered or solitary; calyx 2-12-parted, persistent ; corolla 4-12-lobed ; stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and inserted in its lobes or throat ; ovary superior, 1- or partly 2-celled, ovules numer- ous, attached to i)arietal placentae, style simple or none, stigma entire or 2-lobed ; fruit a 1-celled, or imperfectly 2-4- celled capsule dehiscent by 2 valves. 182 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. I. SABBATIA. Annual or biennial herbs ; stems erect, glabrous, branching, often angled ; leaves opposite or verticillate, sessile or rarely petioled ; flowers terminal, white or red, solitary or cymose ; calyx 4-12-parted, the tube usually very short, the lobes long and narrow; corolla wheel-shaped, deeply 4-12-parted; sta- mens 5-12 and inserted on the throat of the corolla, anthers slender, curved ; ovary 1-celled, style with filiform lobes, twisted; capsule globose, 2-valved, many-seeded, seeds reticu- lated. 1. S. MACROPHYLLA Hook. Large-leaved Sabbatia. Bien- nial ; stem erect, glaucous, rigid, hollow, corymbosely branched above, 2-3 ft. high ; leaves opposite, thick, ovate-lanceolate, acute at the apex, clasping at the base, strongly 3-5-nerved ; flowers in large, flat-topped cymes, white, ^ in. wide ; calyx 5-parted, the lobes bristle- Uke, one-third the length of the lobes of the corolla. June- August. Low pine barrens, more common southward. 2. S. ANGULARis (L.) Pursh. BiTTERBLOOM. Auuual ; stem erect, square, wing-angled, smooth, widely branched, 1-2 ft. high ; lower branches sometimes alternate, the others opposite; leaves numerous, ovate, acute, cordate-clasping at the base, 3-5-nerved, about as long as the joints ; flowers in a panicled cyme, about 1 in. wide, rose color or purple ; calyx lobes 5, linear, about half the length of the obovate corolla lobes ; style 2-cleft ; capsule ovoid, about the length of the calyx lobes. July-August. On low rich soil. 3. S. STELLARis Pursh. Marsh Pink. Stem obscurely 4-angled, widely branched, smooth, 1-2 ft. high ; branches all alternate ; leaves thick or somewhat fleshy, the lower spatulate, the upper lanceolate- oblong or linear, sessile ; flowers on long peduncles, 1-1 1- in. wide, pink to white, with a yellow eye ; calyx lobes linear, shorter than the obovate divisions of the corolla ; style deeply 2-cleft ; capsule ovoid. June-September. In salt marshes. 4. S. campanulata (L.) Torr. Slender Marsh Pink. Stem obscurely 4-angied, slender ; the branches alternate and diffuse ; leaves linear, the upper filiform, and the lower broader and obtuse, sessile, 1-1^ in. long ; flowers on rather short peduncles, pink with a yellow eye, 1-1^ in. wide; calyx lobes linear, as long as the oblong-obovate divisions of the corolla ; style 2-cleft ; capsule obovoid, about half the length of the calyx lobes. May-August. Low pine barrens and brackish marshes. 5. S. GENTiAxoiDES Ell. PiNE-wooDS PiNK. Stem erect, smooth, simple, or few-branched above, 9-15 in. high ; leaves oblanceolate or DICOTYLEDONS. 183 oblong, narrowed at the base, the upper linear, sessile; flowers termi- nal, sometimes 2-o together on short peduncles, 2-bracted ; calyx lobes 7-12, narrowly lanceolate ; corolla 7-12-parted, bright rose color, 11^-2 in. wide; anthers straight. June- August. Low pine barrens. 11. GENTIANA. Annual or perennial herbs, mostly blooming after mid- summer ; leaves opposite or verticillate, sessile or short- petioled ; flowers showy, solitary or clustered, terminal or axillary ; calyx tubular, 4-5-parted ; corolla tubular, funnel- form or salver-form, 4-5-lobed, often with plaited and toothed folds between the lobes ; stamens 4-5, alternate with the lobes of the corolla and inserted in the tube, distinct or united by the anthers, included ; ovary 1-celled, stymies short or none, stigmas 2 ; fruit a 1-celled, 2-valved, many-seeded capsule. 1. G. Elliottii Chap. Elliott's Gentian. Perennial; stem erect, slender, somewhat rough-pul)escent, G-18 in. high; leaves ovate to narrowly lanceolate, acute at the apex, rounded and clasping at the base, rough-margined, 3-nerved ; flowers in terminal and axillary clusters, about 2 in. long, sessile or nearly so, 2-bracted ; calyx lobes oblong, twice as long as the tube ; corolla funnel-form, bright blue without, deep l)lue and yellow within, the lobes short, ovate, obtuse, folds between the lobes 2-toothed and fimbriate; anthers cohering in a tube; seeds oblong, winged; plant quite variable. September- October. In moist soil. 2. G. PoKi'iiYKio (imel. Nakkow-lkavkd Gentian. Peren- nial; stem erect, glalu'ous, simple or branched, 4-15 in. high; leaves opposite, linear and somewhat fleshy; flowers terminal, solitary; calyx lobes linear, erect, a little longer than the tube; corolla spread- ing, funnel-form, bright blue, 1^-2 in. long, the lobes ovate, acute, two or three times as long as the laciniate folds; anthers not united; seeds oblong, wingless. August-October. Moist pine barrens. III. FRASERA. Perennial or biennial herbs; sturple at the base; hoods rouiulish, spreading, longer than the ]uu'})lish gymnostegium, and a little longer tiian the thick, awl-pointed, incurved horn ; follicles erect, downy, seeds comose. May-fJun«'. Dry, open woods. ']. A. AMI'LEXirAlLIS Michx. PiNE-HAUKEN AsCLEPIAS. StCUlS recurved, ascenly cordate at the base, 3-7 in. long ; petiole 2-4 in. long ; umbels on peduncles as long as the petioles, 6-8- flowered ; flower buds ovate ; corolla dark purple, the 'oblong lobes puberulent without, smooth within ; crown 5-lobed Math a 2-cleft tooth in each sinus; follicles warty. May-fJuly. In woods. 105. CONVOLVULACEiE. MORXING-GLORY FAMILY\ Annual or perennial herbs ; stems usually twining or trail- in; sometimes erect ; leaves alternate, simple, exstipulate ^- DICOTYLEDONS. 189 flowers regular, perfect, axillary, solitary or cyinose ; calyx 5-parted or 5-sepalous, usually persistent ; corolla funnel- form or salver-form, 5-angled or 5-lobed, convolute ; stamens 5, alternate with the lobes of the corolla, and inserted in its tube; ovary free, sessile, 2-3-celled with 2 ovules in each cell, or 4-6-celled with 1 ovule in each cell, styles 1-3, entire or 2-cleft; fruit a 1-6-seeded capsule. I. DICHONDRA. Perennial creeping herbs, rooting at the nodes ; leaves cordate or reniform, petioled ; flowers solitary, perfect, on bractless peduncles shorter than the leaves ; calyx 5-parted, lobes narrowly obovate or spatulate ; corolla rotate or open funnel-form, 5-lobed, shorter than the calyx ; stamens 5, in- cluded ; ovary deeply 2-parted, 4-celled, styles 2, stigmas capitate ; fruit 2 distinct capsules, each 1-2-seeded. 1). EvoLviLACKA (L.) Britt. DiCHOXDRA. Stoms slender, pubescent, 0-15 in. long; leaves deeply cordate or reniform, pal- mately veined ; petiole 1-^J in. long; flowers small, greenish-yellow, less than ^ in. wide ; peduncles slender, erect; calyx silky-pubescent, lobes of the corolla obovate or spatulate ; capsule small, pubescent, seeds smooth. ^hirch-October. On damp soil. II. BREWERIA. Perennial trailing herbs; stem slender, pubescent; leaves entire, sessile or short-i)etioled ; flowers small, on axillary peduncles longer than the leaves ; sepals 5 ; corolla white or yellow, bell-shaped, hairy, 5-lobed or angled ; stamens in- cluded ; ovary 2-celled, 4-ovuled, styles 2, distinct or united below% stigmas peltate ; fruit a 1-4-seeded capsule. B. niMisTHATA (Walt.) dr. Brkwkiua. Stem slender, ]»ubes- cent or rough-hairy, hranching, l—'J ft. long; leaves oblong to ellipti- cal, acute, ohtuse or einarginate and niucronate at the apex, rounde*! or cordate at tlie hase, puhescent ; petiole short: pechmcles very slcMider, 1-7-flowered, minutely bracted above; sei)als ovate, usually smooth, fringed on the niargins ; corolla white; filaments hairy; style *J-('l<'ft ; caiisiUe ovoid, as long as the calyx, mostly I-seeded. .M;iy ScpttMiilx'i-. In dry woods. 190 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. III. QUAMOCLIT. • Annual herbs; stems slender, twining; leaves petioled, entire or pinnatifid ; j&owers solitary or clustered on axillary peduncles ; sepals 5, sriort-awned or awnless ; corolla salver- form, the tube long and somewhat enlarged above ; stamens inserted in the base of the tube, exserted, filaments dilated below ; ovary 4-celled, style 1, stigma globose, 2-lobed ; fruit a 4-celled, 4-seeded capsule. 1. Q. QuAMocLiT (L.) Britt. Cypress Vine. Stem slender, smooth, twining high ; leaves dark green, pinnatifid, the divisions linear, smooth ; peduncles slender, as long as the leaves, 1-5-flow- ered ; pedicels thickened upward ; sepals ovate or oblong, mucronate ; corolla bright scarlet or sometimes yellowish-white, salver-form, the tube 1-1 J in. long, the limb flat and spreading, ^-| in. wide; sta- mens and style exserted ; capsule ovoid, twice the length of the sepals. May-October. Common in gardens. 2. Q. cocciNEA (L.) Moench. Small Red Morning-glory. Stems twining or trailing, smooth or pubescent ; leaves cordate, acumi- nate at the apex, basal lobes somewhat angled ; petiole slender, nearly as long as the blade ; peduncles o-5-flowered, longer than the petioles ; sepals awned ; corolla salver-form, slightly lobed, scarlet, sometimes yellowish, 1 in. long; capsule globose, as long as the sepals. June-September. Usually in cultivated ground. IV. IPOMCEA. Annual or perennial herbs ; stems twining or trailing, or rarely erect ; leaves from sagittate or cordate to nearly lin- ear; flowers showy, white or purple, axillary, solitary, or in few-flowered cymes ; sepals 5, sometimes unequal ; corolla bell-shaped or funnel-form, 5-plaited and convolute in the bud, the limb entire, 5-angled or 5-lobed ; stamens included, often unequal; ovary 2-4-celled, style slender, included, stigmas capitate, 2-lobed; fruit a 1-4-seeded capsule, seeds smooth or hairy. 1. I. PANDURATA (L.) Meyer. Wild Potato Vine. Perennial, from a very large tuberous root; stem trailing or twining, smooth or slightly pubescent, 5-10 ft. long; leaves broadly cordate, with the apex slender and obtuse, sometimes fiddle-shaped or 3-lobed ; petioles slen- der ; peduncles longer than the petioles, 1-5-flowered ; sepals oblong, obtuse, smooth, mucronate, the 2 outer ones shorter ; corolla white DICOTYLEDONS. , 191 with a purple throat, 2-3 in. wide, lobes pointed; capsule globose, 2-3-seeded, the seeds woolly on the angles. May-September. On dry or damp sandy soil. 2. I. TAMXiFOLiA L. Blue Bixdweed. Annual; stem at first stout and erect, becoming slender and twining above, hirsute, 1-6 ft. long; leaves cordate or ovate, acuminate, long-petioled, hairy; peduncles longer than the petioles; flowers in crowded capitate cymes; bracts numerous, longer than the flowers; sepals subulate, bristly, as long as the corolla; corolla bright blue, i in. wide; fruit a depressed, slightly 4-angled capsule, seeds rough. May-Septem- ber. Common in cultivated ground. 3. I. PUKPiKEA (L.) Roth. MoRNixG-GLORY. Annual; stem twining high, pubescent with reflexed hairs ; leaves cordate, entire, pubescent, long-petioled ; peduncles becoming elongated, 2-5 in. long, 1-5-flowered; pedicels twice the length of the calyx, reflexed in fruit ; sepals lanceolate, pubescent; coroll.a 2 in. or more in length, white, blue, red or variegated, closing in sunshine; ovary 3-celled; cap- sule globose, shorter than the sepals. May-October. Common in cultivation. 4. I. SAGiTTATA Cav. jNIarsii jNIornixg-glory. Perennial, from thick, fibrous roots; stem trailing, smooth, somewhat fleshy, 3-6 ft. long ; leaves narrowly sagittate, basal lobes elongated, lanceo- late or linear, smooth; peduncles shorter than the leaves, enlarged above, 1-3-flowered, bracts small; sepals oval, purple at the apex; corolla pink-purple, 2.^-3 in. long; capsule ovoid, pointed, longer than the sepals, seeds silky on the angles. June-September. On damp soil, very comnion near the coast. V. CONVOLVULUS. Perennial herbs ; stem twining, trailing or erect ; leaves oval to cordate or sagittate, petioled; peduncles axillary, l-few-flowered ; flowers often with 2 large bracts at the base ; sepals 5, the 2 outer ones longer ; corolla bell-shaped, 5-lobed or 5-angled ; stamens included ; style filiform, stigmas 2, oblong or linear; fruit a globose, 1-4-celled, 1-4-seeded capsule, seeds smooth. ('. sKi'H'M !.. I)iNi)WEED. Stem smooth, slender, twining or trailing, 3 !(► ft. long; leaves broadly sagittate or hastate, acute, the bjisal lobes spieading, obli(pu'ly truncate or angled, dentate or entire; petioles 1-2 in. long; ])eduncles 4-angled, longer than the petioles, l-flo\vered; bracts cordate-ovate, keeled on the back; sepals acute; corolla white or ])ink, H-2 in. long. frune-Se])tember. Comnion in cultivated fields. 192 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 10(3. POLEMONIACEJE. PHLOX FAMILY. Annual, perennial or slightly shrubby plants ; leaves oppo- site or alternate ; flowers perfect, regular, solitary, cymose or paniculate ; calyx 5-parted, the lobes scarious-margined ; corolla rotate to funnel-form or salver-form, convolute in the bud, the limb 5-lobed or parted ; stamens 5, inserted in the tube of the corolla and alternate with its lobes, filaments slender ; ovary free, 3-celled, 3-many-ovuled, style single, filiform, 3-cleft; fruit a 3-celled, 3-valved, 3-many-seeded capsule, seeds angled. I. PHLOX. Perennial or rarely annual herbs ; stems erect or diffuse ; leaves opposite, or the upper alternate, entire, exstipulate ; flowers showy, white or purple, in terminal cymes or pani- cles; calyx cylindrical or funnel-form, 5-cleft, the lobes acute ; corolla salver-form, the tube long and slender, the limb 5-parted, the lobes spreading, entire or obcordate ; stamens included, unequal ; ovary 3-celled, style slender ; capsule ovoid, 3-celled, 1-few-seeded, seeds wingless or narrow- winged. 1. P. I'ANicuLATA L. Gardex Phlox. Perennial; stems in chmips, stout, erect, simple or branched above, 2-4 ft. high ; leaves ovate-lanceolate to oblong, acuminate at the apex, rounded or cor- date at the base, thin, smooth, veins prominent beneath; cymes numerous and compact, forming a pyramidal panicle; pedicels short; calyx teeth long, bristle-pointed; corolla purple to white, lobes round-obovate, shorter than the tube ; capsule longer than the calyx tul)e. ]\Iay-July. In rich woods ; often cultivated. "2. P. PILOSA L. Downy Phlox. Perennial; stem erect, slen- der, simple or branched, 1-2 ft. high ; leaves linear-lanceolate to linear, distant, spreading, long-acuminate, sessile, stem and leaves pubescent or villous ; cymes corymbose, loose ; flowers short-pedi- celed; calyx glandular-viscid, the teeth shorter than the tube of the purple corolla, bristle-pointed; corolla tube pubescent, lobes obovate ; capsule twice the length of the calyx tube. April-Maj^ In dry, open woods. DICOTYLEDONS. 193 ']. P. DiVAKiCATA L. Wihi) 1>LUE Phlox. Pereiuiial ; stems erect or ascending from a decumbent base, viscid-pubescent, 1 ft. high ; leaves distant, lanceolate to oblong, acute at the apex, rounded at the base, sessile, pubescent; cymes corymbed, loosely flowered; calyx teeth subulate, longer than the tube; corolla bluish-purple, ^-^ in. long, lobes notched at the apex, as long as the tube; cap- sule oval, shorter than the calyx teeth. April-May. In moist, open woods. 4. P. Drimmondii Hook. Drummoxd's Phlox. Annual; stem erect or ascending, slender, weak, branching, glandular-])ubescent, 6-12 in. high; leaves mostly alternate, lanceolate to oblong, pubes- cent, the upper clasping by a cordate base ; corymbs loose ; flowers rather long-pediceled ; calyx tube short, the teeth lanceolate-setaceous, soon recurved; corolla purple to crimson or w^hite, orifice of the tube usually with a white or yellowish star-like ring, lobes rounded at the apex; ovary 3-seeded, angles of the seeds winged. April-June. Introduced from Texas and common everywhere in gardens. II. GILIA. Annual, biennial or perennial herbs ; leaves opposite or alternate, entire or much divided; flowers solitary or clus- tered ; calyx tubular or bell-shaped, 5-cleft ; corolla tubular to salver-forni, 5-lobed ; stamens inserted evenly or unevenly, near the mouth of the tube, included or exserted ; ovary 3-celled, 3-many-ovuled, style long, slender, stigma 3-lobed ; fruit a 3-celled, 3-many-seeded capsule, seeds angled or compressed. G. RUBRA (L.) Heller. Scarlet Gilia. Biennial; stem erect, simple, smooth or pubescent, very leafy, 2-5 ft. high ; leaves pin- uately divided into filiform, acute segments; flowers very numerous in a long and slender panicle; calyx lobes setaceous-subulate, as long as the tube; corolla funnel-form, bright scarlet without, yellow spotted with red within, 1-1 A in. long, lobes acute, spreading, less than half the length of the tube; stamens slightly exserted ; seeds with a loose, reticulated outer coat. .lunc-September. Dry, sandy s< ul. III. POLEMONIUM. Perennial or annual herbs; stems erect or diffuse ; leaves alternate, pinnati:<;i: i-mk-noi'. Annual or peren- nial; whole plant ]>ul)escent; stem .slender, weak, Iue with a yellow eye; luitlets convex on all sides. Mav .hilv. ()ii low irround. 198 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. IV. LITHOSPERMUM. Annual or perennial herbs, mostly rough-hairy, and with red roots ; leaves alternate, entire ; flowers in leafy-bracted spikes or racemes ; calyx 5-parted, the lobes narrow, equal ; corolla funnel-form to salver-form, obtusely 5-lobed, smooth, crested or hairy in the throat ; stamens 5, inserted in the tube of the corolla, included; ovary deeply 4-parted, style slender, stigma capitate or 2-lobed ; nutlets 1-4, white and smooth or brown and wrinkled, truncate at the base. 1. L. ARVEXSE L. Field Gromwell. Annual or biennial ; rough with appressed hairs ; stem erect, simple or branched from the base, 6-18 in. high; leaves lanceolate to linear, the lower obtuse at the apex and tapering into a short petiole, tlie upper acute and sessile ; flowers scattering and sessile on the spikes ; calyx lobes linear-subulate, as long as the yellowish-white, funnel-form corolla ; nutlets brown, wrinkled and pitted, about one-half the length of the calyx. March- April. Fields and waste places. 2. L. Gmelini (Michx.) Hitch. Hairy Puccoon. Perennial; hispid with rigid hairs ; stems usually clustered, erect, simple, or branched above, stout, 1-2 ft. high ; leaves linear-lanceolate, obtuse, sessile, the lower often scale-like ; flowers in leafy, terminal racemes ; calyx lobes linear ; corolla salver-form, orange-yellow, the tube | in. long, twice the length of the calyx, hairy within, the lobes rounded, spreading, the throat crested ; nutlets white, shining, ovoid. April- May. In dry pine barrens. V. ONOSMODIUM. Perennial, hispid herbs ; stems stout ; leaves alternate, entire, prominently veined; flowers greenish-white, on a terminal bracted spike or raceme ; calyx 5-parted, lobes lin- ear ; corolla tubular, the 5 short, acute lobes connivent, tube 10-toothed within; stamens included, nearly sessile; style filiform, exserted, ovules 4 ; nutlets often only 1 or 2, white, ovoid, smooth and shining, or pitted. 1. O. Carolinianum (Lam.) DC. Carolina Gromwell. Stem stout, erect, branching, rough with rigid white hairs, 2-4 ft. high ; leaves ovate-lanceolate to oblong, acute at the apex, sessile, 5-9-ribbed ; flowers pediceled, yellowish-white ; calyx about half the length of the corolla, which is pubescent on the outside ; nutlets dull DICOTYLEDONS. 199 white, about half the length of the calyx. May -June. In dry fields and thickets. '2. O. ViRGiNiANUM (L.) DC. Virginia Gromwell. Stem erect, slender, sparingly branched above, rough with bristly hairs, 1-2 ft. high ; leaves kmceolate to oblanceolate, obtuse at the apex, sessile ; corolla yellowish-white, tubular, the lobes acute, nearly as long as the tube, bristly ; nutlets white, shining, ovoid. May-June. In dry fields and woods. 109. VERBENACE^. VERBENA FAMILY. Herbs or shrubs ; stems 4-angled ; leaves simple or com- pound, exstipulate ; flowers perfect, terminal or axillary, in spikes, racemes or panicles ; calyx 4-5-parted, persistent ; corolla regular or 2-lipped, 4-5-lobed ; stamens 2, 4, or 5, in- serted in the tube of the corolla; ovary free, 2-8-celled, 1 or 2 ovules in each cell, style simple, terminal ; fruit dry and separating into several 1-seeded nutlets, or baccate. I. VERBENA. Annual or perennial herbs ; leaves simple, opposite, ser- rate or pinnately lobed; flowers in terminal spikes w^hich become much elongated in fruit ; calyx tubular, 5-ribbed, 5-toothed ; corolla salver-form or funnel-form, the tube often curved, bearded in the throat, limb spreading, 5-lobed, often somewhat 2-lipped ; stamens 4, didynamous, rarely only 2, included; ovary 2-4-celled, 2-4-0 vuled, style slender, 2-lobed ; fruit 2-4 smooth or roughened, 1-seeded nutlets. 1. V. OFFICINALIS L. European Vervain. Annual; stem erect, slender, nearly or quite smooth, branching, 1-3 ft. high; leaves ovate to obovate in outline, pinnately lobed or divided, narrowed and entire toward the base, pubescent beneath ; petioles margined ; s])ikes several, very slender; flowers small, ])urple, bracts shorter than the calyx. June-September. Tn fields and waste ]^laces ; introduced from Europe. 2. V. angustifolia Michx. Xakkow-lkaved Vervain. Per- ennial, rougli-hairy ; stem simple, or branched below, from a creejv iiig base, 1-2 ft. liigli ; leaves hinceohite to si):dnlate. obtuse and tootlied at tlie a[tex, tapering to a sessile base; spike i)eduiicled. 200 elemp:nts of botany. slender, close-flowered ; bracts about the length of the calyx ; corolla purple, tube slightly curved, i in. long. June-September. In dry, open woods. 3. V. Canadensis (L.) Britt. Wild Verbena. Perennial ; stem widely branched, diffuse, creeping at the base, pubescent, 6-15 in. long ; leaves mostly 3-lobed or parted, the divisions irregularly cut and toothed, the base cuneate ; petiole margined ; spikes termi- nal, long-peduncled, at first capitate, becoming much elongated ; bracts slender, shorter than the unequal, subulate calyx teeth ; corolla showy, purple, |-| in. broad, the lobes emarginate. April-July. On dry soil. II. LIPPIA. Perennial herbs ; stems rooting at the joints ; leaves sim- ple, opposite or whorled ; flowers in long-peduncled axillary and terminal spikes or heads ; calyx small, 2-4-toothed ; corolla tube straight or curved, the limb somewhat bilabiate, oblique; stamens 4, didynamous; ovary 2-celled, 2-ovuled, style short, stigma oblique ; fruit 2 nutlets, each 1-seeded. 1. L. LANCEOLATA ]Michx. FoG-FRUiT. Steiiis sleuder, w^eak, decumbent or ascending, smooth or slightly pubescent, 1-2 ft. long ; leaves elliptical, acute and coarsely serrate above, the lower part of the leaf entire and narrowed to the short petiole or sessile base ; peduncles slender, longer than the leaves ; heads globose, becoming- elongated, bracts acute ; corolla pale blue, as long as the calyx. May-July. In damp places. 2. L. NODI FLORA (L.) Michx. Stem creeping or ascending, slightly pubescent, 6-18 in. long ; leaves spatulate to obovate, coarsely toothed above, cuneate and entire below, rough ; peduncles 2-4 times as long as the leaves ; heads globose, becoming elongated ; flowers white or purple ; corolla about double the length of the calyx. May- September. In w^et places. III. CALLICARPA. Shrubs ; leaves simple, petioled, opposite or whorled, glan- dular-dotted ; flowers in axillary cymes ; calyx 4-toothed or entire; corolla funnel-form, •4-cleft, regular; stamens 4, equal, exserted ; ovary 4-ovuled, style slender, stigma capitate ; fruit a 1-4-seeded berry. C. Americana L. French Mulberry. Shrubs, with stellate, glandular or scurfy pubescence, widelj'- branched, 3-8 ft. high ; leaves DICOTYLEDONS. 201 ovate to oblong, acute at each end, crenate-serrate, rough above, pubescent beneath, glandular-dotted ; petioles slender ; cymes many- flowered, the peduncle as long as the petiole, pedicels short ; calyx cup-shaped, the teeth short ; corolla double the length of the calyx, blue; fruit violet-purple, very conspicuous in autumn. May-July. Common in fields and thickets. IV. VITEX. Shrubs ; leaves palmately compound ; flowers in panicled spikes ; calyx short, 5-toothed : corolla cup-shaped, 5-lobed, somewhat bilabiate ; stamens 4, unequal, exserted ; ovary 4-celled, style slender ; fruit a drupe. V. Agnus-castus L. Chaste tree. Shrub, widely branched, ■1-8 ft. high ; leaflets 5-7, lanceolate, acute at each end, entire ; spikes in terminal panicles, hoary-pubescent ; flowers purple ; corolla tube strongly curved ; fruit a 1-seeded drupe or berry. April-June. Common in cultivation. 110. LABIATiE. MINT FAMILY. Herbs or shrubs, mostly aromatic ; stems 4-angled ; leaves opposite, simple, exstipulate ; flowers perfect, more or less 2-lipped, axillary or terminal, often in dense whorls, some- times solitary ; calyx persistent, regular or 2-lipped, usually 5-toothed, often prominently striate ; corolla bilabiate or rarely regular, limb 4-o-lobed, upper lip usually 2-lobed, the lower 3-lobed ; stamens 2 or 4, inserted in the corolla tube ; ovary free, 4-lobed, 4-ovuled, the slender style 2-lobed ; fruit 4 nutlets, each 1-seeded. I. TEUCRIUM. Perennial herbs ; stems erect ; leaves entire or toothed ; flowers in terminal spikes or axillary whorls ; calyx tubular, une(pKilly 5-t()otht'd, lO-nerved; corolla tube short, limb ;j-lobed, the 4 upper lobes short, the lower larger, oblong, concave ; stamens 4, didynamous, exserted between the 2 uppermost lobes of the corolla, the lower pair longer; style 2-cleft ; nutlets rugose. 202 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. T. Canadense L. Germander. Stem erect, simple or branched, tomeiitose, 1^-3 ft. high ; leaves lanceolate to ovate, acute at the apex, shoi't-petioled, serrate, pubescent above, white-hoary beneath ; flowers in dense hoary spikes which finally become much elongated in fruit, flower clusters usually alternate, bracted; calyx bell-shaped, pubescent, the 3 upper teeth short ; corolla purplish, about | in. long. June-September. On low ground. II. TRICHOSTEMA. Annual or perennial herbs ; stems erect, branching ; leaves entire; flowers in loose panicles or cymes; calyx short, the 3 lower teeth long, connate, the 2 upper short ; corolla slen- der, the limb deeply o-cleft ; stamens 4, didynamous, long- exserted, filaments coiled ; ovary deeply 4-lobed ; nutlets pitted, united at the base. T. DiCHOTOMTiM L. Blue Curls. Stem erect, slender, widely branched, viscid-pubescent or nearly smooth, 1-2 ft. high ; leaves lanceolate to oblong, short-petioled, the upper small and bract-like ; flowers in a spreading panicle, often 3 together ; corolla blue to white, declined ; stamens blue, very long. June-September. On dry soil. III. SCUTELLARIA. Perennial herbs with bitter juice ; flowers in spike-like racemes or solitary in the axils; calyx 2-lipped, the lips entirfe, the upper with a prominent helmet-shaped protuber- ance on the back, deciduous, the low^er persistent; corolla tube recur ved-ascending, dilated at the throat, limb 2-lipped, the upper lip arched, entire or notched at the apex, middle lobe of the lower lip much the longest, spreading; stamens 4, didynamous, the upper pair shorter, anthers ciliate ; ovary deeply 4-parted, style unequally 2-cleft ; nutlets roughened. S. coRDiFOLiA Muhl. Heart-leaved Skullcap. Stem slen- der, erect, simple or branched, pubescent, 6-18 in. high; lower leaves long-petioled, cordate or ovate, often crenate, the upper sessile, linear or elliptical, entire, pubescent ; racemes mostly solitary, bracts longer than the pedicels ; flowers blue and white, about 1 in. long, the lips nearly equal. June-August. On dry soil. DICOTYLEDONS. 203 IV. GLECOMA. Perennial herbs ; stems creeping, widely branched, ascend- ing at the apex ; leaves petioled, orbicular to reniform ; howers in axillary clusters ; calyx tubular, oblique, equally 5-toothed ; corolla tube enlarged above, upper lip 2-lobed, tlie lower 3-lobed, the middle lobe longer, emarginate ; sta- mens 4, didynamous, included ; nutlets smooth. G. HEDERACEA L. Ground Ivy. Stems pubescent, 6-18 in. long ; leaves round-cordate, crenate, long-petioled ; axillary clusters few-flowered ; calyx pubescent, the teeth short ; corolla blue or vio- let, at least twice the length of the calyx. March-May. On low ground near dwellings. V. SALVIA. Annual, biennial or perennial herbs, or sometimes shrubby ; flowers in spikes, racemes or panicles, usually showy ; calyx tubular or bell-shaped, not bearded in the throat, 2-lipped, the upper lip entire or 3-toothed, the lower 2-cleft; corolla 2-lipped, the upper lip entire or notched, the lower spread- ing, 3-lobed, with the middle lobe longer ; stamens 2, short, anthers 2-celled, the upper cell fertile, the lower abortive ; style 2-cleft; nutlets smooth. 1. S. LYRATA L. Lyre-leaved Salvia. Biennial or peren- nial ; stem erect, sparingly branched above, hirsute, 1-2 ft. high ; leaves mostly basal, spreading, lyrate-pinnatifid, usually purple, stem leaves small, sessile or short-petioled ; racemes many-flowered, whorls about 0-flowered ; calyx teeth short on the upper lip, long and subu- late on the lower; corolla blue or purple, the tube about 1 in. long, dilated upward. April-May. On dry soil. 2. S. OFFICINALIS L. Garden Sage. Stem shruhhy, slender, much branched l)elow, 1 ft. high ; leaves grayish-green, lance-ohlong, crenate, rngose ; flowers in terminal spikes, whorls several-flowered ; corolla bine, n]>p('r li}) strongly arched, abont esule -!-valved, the valves 3-toothed. A]»ril-May, On (by or cultixatt'cl ground. III. ANTIRRHINUM. Annual or })ercnnial herbs; leaves alternate or sometimes ojiposite on sterile shoots; flowers axillary or in terminal racenu^s ; calyx ,5-i)arte(l ; corolla saccate at the base, the 210 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. upper lip erect, 2-lobed, the lower spreading, 3-lobed, the prominent palate nearly closing the throat ; stamens 4, didyn- amous, included ; style filiform, its base often persistent ; capsule globose to oblong, seeds smooth or roughened. A. MAJUS L. Snapdragon. Perennial ; stem erect, smooth below, glandular-pubescent above, 1-2 ft. high; leaves linear to oblong-lanceolate, entire, smooth, sometimes fleshy, sessile or short- petioled ; flowers in a terminal raceme ; pedicels short, stout, erect in fruit; corolla lj-2 in. long, of many colors; capsule oblique, the persistent base of the style bent forward. May-September. Com- mon in gardens and often escaped. IV. CHELONE. Perennial herbs ; stem smooth ; leaves opposite, serrate, petioled ; flowers large, in dense, bracted spikes ; calyx 5-parted ; corolla white or purple, inflated-tubular, the upper lip concave, emarginate, the lower spreading, woolly within, the middle lobe often shorter ; stamens 5, one of them small and sterile, the anthers didynamous, filaments and anthers woolly ; seeds broadly winged. C. GLABRA L. Snake-head. Stem erect, simple or branched, 4-sided, 2-3 ft. high ; leaves lanceolate, acuminate, short-petioled, serrate, sometimes pubescent beneath ; spike terminal, short, simple or branched, nearly sessile ; bracts ovate ; corolla white or pink, 1-li in. long. June-September. Along streams. V. PENTSTEMON. Perennial ; stem erect, rarely branched ; leaves opposite, or the upper sometimes alternate; flowers white or purple, in terminal cymes or panicles ; calyx 5-parted ; corolla tube enlarged or inflated above, upper lip concave, emarginate or 2-lobed, the lower 3-lobed ; stamens 5, included, ^declined at the base, 4 of the stamens anther-bearing and didynamous, the other sterile and usually bearded ; style slender ; capsule 2-valved, seeds wingless. 1. P. HiRSUTus (L.) Willd. Hairy Beard-tongue. Stem erect, slender, pubescent, 18-24 in. high ; lower leaves ovate to ovate- lanceolate, long-petioled, the middle leaves oblanceolate, tapering to DICOTYLEDONS. 211 the base, the upper leaves lanceolate, sessile and clasping, all dentate or serrate, smooth or slightly pubescent ; cymes loose, few-flowered, glandular-pubescent ; pedicels short ; corolla tube about 1 in. long, dilated above, ^-grooved below, the throat with a densely bearded palate; sterile filament densely bearded above. May-July. In open, dry woods. 2. P. CANKSCEN8 Britt. Gray BEAi;i)-TON(iUK. Stem erect, stout, pubescent, often several from the same root, 2-3 ft. high; lower leaves oval, the long petiole margined, upper leaves ovate- lanceolate, sessile, all denticulate, slightly pubescent ; cymes loose, pedicels short ; corolla tube white to purple, about 1 in. long, throat smooth or slightly bearded ; sterile stamen slightly bearded near the apex. May- July. In dry, open woods. VI. PAULOWNIA. A tree having much the appearance of Catalpa ; leaves opposite, long-petioled, entire or 3-lobed ; flowers purple or violet, in large terminal panicles ; calyx short, o-cleft ; corolla with a long tube which is spreading above, lobes spreading, nearly equal ; stamens 4, included, didynamous ; style slen- der ; fruit a dehiscent, ovoid capsule, seeds winged and striate. P. TOMKNTOSA (Thuub.) Britt. Paulowxia. a tree with gray bark and a rounded top; leaves ovate to ^Mobed, pubescent, 0-10 in. wide; flowers 2-3 in. long, in spreading panicles 2-3 ft. long; pedi- cels stout, tomentose ; capsule coriaceous, dehiscent. April-^Iay. Introduced from Japan. The panicles with the large flower buds are developed from September to November and are conspicuous dui"in!2- the winter months. VII. MIMULUS. Perennial; stem erect or decumbent; leaves oi)posite ; flowers axillary and solitary, mostly yellow or purple; calyx tubular, o-angled, o-toothcd ; corolla tube with 2 ridges within on the lower side, u})p('r lip erect or reflexcnl, lower lip S})read- ing; stamens 4, didynamous; style slender, 2-lobed ; capsule 2-valved, many-seeded. 1. M. uin(;kns L. Sc^uahk-stkmmki) Monkkv Flowkh. Stem 4-angl(Hl, erect, branched, smooth, 1-2 ft. liigh ; leaves lanceolate to 212 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. oblong, serrate, sessile or clasping' at the base ; peduncles slender, longer than tlie flowers ; corolla violet, about 1 in. long, lower lip puberulent within. June-September. Along streams and in wet places. 2. M. ALATus Soland. Sharp-winged Monkey Flower. Stern square, wing-angled, erect, smooth, 1-2 ft. high ; leaves ovate to oblong, acuminate, serrate, short-petioled ; peduncles shorter than the flowers ; calyx teeth short ; corolla violet, about 1 in. long. June-August. In swamps and wet places. VIII. LEPTANDRA. Perennial herbs ; stems tall, stout ; leaves opposite or ver- ticillate ; flowers in dense terminal or axillary peduncled spikes ; calyx small, 4-parted ; corolla tubular, 4-lobed, the lobes nearly equal ; stamens 2, long-exserted ; style long and slender, stigma capitate ; capsule ovoid, 4-valved, seeds reticulated. L. Virginica (L.) i^Litt. Culver's Root. Stem erect, smooth or slightly pubescent, simple or with few branches above, 2-5 ft. high ; leaves 3-7 in a whorl, lanceolate to oblong, acuminate at the apex, sharply serrate, smooth or sometimes pubescent beneath, short- petioled; spikes solitary or several; fiow^ers bi-acted, small, white or purplish ; stamens nearly twice the length of the corolla ; capsule twice the length of the calyx. June-August. In meadows and open woods. IX. DASYSTOMA. Coarse annual or perennial herbs ; leaves opposite ; flowers yellow^, in terminal leafy racemes or panicles : calyx bell- shaped, o-lobed, the lobes often toothed ; corolla tubular-bell- shaped, woolly within, the limb spreading, 5-lobed, slightly irregular ; stamens 4, included, didynamous, woolly, anthers awned at the base ; style filiform, thickened at the apex ; fruit an ovate, 2-valved capsule. 1. D. flava (L.) Wood, Downy False Foxglove. Peren- nial ; stem erect, dowaiy, mostly simple, 2-4 ft. high ; leaves lanceo- late to oblong, the lower pinnately lobed or pinnatifid, short-petioled, the upper nearly entire and sessile ; pedicels stout ; calyx lo))es entire ; corolla 1^ in. long, smooth : capsule pubescent, twice the length of the calyx. June-September. In dry woods. DICOTYLEDONS. 213 2. D. ViK(;iNiCA (L.) Britt. Smooth False Foxglove. Per- ennial ; stem erect, )>ranched, smooth and glaucous, 3-0 ft. high ; leaves petioled, the lower twice pinnatifid, the others incised and cut, or the upper lanceolate and entire ; calyx shorter than the pedi- cels, the lobes as long as the tube; corolla about 2 in. long, the tube rather slender ; capsule oval, smooth, twice the length of the calyx. June-September. In rich woods. X. GERARDIA. Annual or perennial herbs ; mostly blackening in drying ; leaves opposite or rarely alternate, narrow and entire ; flow- ers usually showy, in the axils of the upper leaves ; calyx campanulate, 5-toothed ; corolla funnel-form or tubular-bell- sliaped, o-lobed, the throat oblique ; stamens 4, included, didynamous, the longer filaments and anthers woolly ; style slender, flattened and dilated above ; capsule globose ; seeds angled. Mostly flowering late in the season. 1. G. LixiFoLiA Xutt. Flax-leaved Geijakdia. Perennial; stem very slender, erect, branched, smooth, *2-8 ft. high ; leaves erect, narrowly linear, the upper bract-like ; peduncles about as long as the leaves ; calyx truncate, with minute teeth ; corolhi purple, about 1 in. long, the lobes nearly equal, rounded, fringed : filaments villous; capsule globose, longer than the calyx. August-September. Dry pine barrens. •J. (i. iTUi'iKEA L. PiKi'LE (Jekakdia. Annual; stem erect, slender, smooth or slightly rough, branclied above, 1— "> ft. high ; leaves linear, spreading, rough ; pedicels stout, as long as the calyx ; corolla purjde to white, about 1 in. long and wide, the lobes minutely fringed, pubescent within ; capsule longer than the calyx. August- September. On low ground. ll-K LENTIBULACEiE. r.LADDKlJWORT FA^IILY. Annual or perennial herbs growing in water or in muddy places ; leaves in a rosulate basal tuft and entire, or floating and dissected ; scapes erect ; flowers perfect, irregular, soli- tary or racemed ; pedicels bracted ; calyx 2-lii)ped, 2 o-lobed or parted ; corolla 2-lipi)ed, spurred at tlie base, upper lip erect, entire or 2-lobed, lower lip spreading or reflexed, 3-lobed, 214 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. throat with a prominent palate ; stamens 2, included ; ovary- free, 1-celled, ovoid, style short, stigma 2-lobed ; fruit a globose, many-seeded capsule, seeds roughened. I. UTRICULARIA. Annual or perennial ; floating in still water by means of numerous small air bladders attached to the finely dissected leaves, or growing in wet soil with entire leaves and few or no air bladders ; scapes 1-many-flowered ; calyx lips entire ; corolla with the upper lip entire, the lower larger and 3-lobed, the throat usually bearded within and nearly closed by the palate. 1. U. coRNUTA Michx. Horned Bladderwort. Acaulescent; leaves linear and entire or none ; air bladders few or none ; scape erect, stout, 2-5-flowered, 8-12 in. high; flowers yellow, fragrant, I in. wide; pedicel as long as the calyx; the lips of the corolla obo- vate, unequal, the lower longer, abruptly pointed, the sides reflexed, as long as the horn-shaped, curved spur, throat bearded ; seeds minutely pitted. May-August. In swamps and muddy places. 2. U. suBULATA L. Small Bladderwort. Scape filiform, 2-6 in. high; leaves few and setaceous or none; air bladders few or none; racemes zigzag, 1-6-flowered; pedicels much longer than the calyx ; corolla yellow, ^ in. wide, the lower lip 3-lobed, longer than the appressed, conical, green-pointed spur. February-May. Wet, sandy soil. 3.' U. inflata Walt. Swollen Bladderwort. Perennial; stem very slender, floating ; lower leaves scattered, finely dissected, upper leaves whorled, finely dissected ; the petioles dilated upward and inflated, air bladders very numerous ; scape stout, 6-12 in. high, 3-10-flowered; corolla j^ellow, about f in. wide, upper lip ovate, slightly lobed, lower lip 3-lobed, twice the length of the curved, emarginate spur ; fruit nodding. March-June. In ponds and still water. 11. PINGUICULA. Perennial, acaulescent herbs ; leaves in a rosulate, basal cluster, entire, margins involute, surface covered with a sticky secretion ; scapes naked, circinate, 1-flowered ; calyx 2-lipped, the upper lip 2-lobed, the lower 3-lobed ; corolla 2-lipped, the DICOTYLEDONS. 215 upper lip 2-lobed, the lower 3-lobed and saccate or spurred at the base, palate hairy ; capsule 2- or 4-valved. 1. P. LUTEA Walt. Yellow Marsh Violet. Leaves viscid- pubescent, yellowish-green, oblong-obovate, acute, coarsely cellular and very watery; scape 6-1*2 in. high; flower 1-1|^ in. wide, bright yellow, nodding ; spur slender, half the length of the rouiuied lobes of the corolla. February-April. Marshes in pine barrens. 2. r. ELATioR Michx. Purple Marsh Violet. Leaves ovate to spatulate, acute, coarsely cellular and watery, clammy-pubescent ; scape villous near the base, slender, 8-12 in. high ; calyx glandular ; corolla purple or blue, 1 in. wide, the rouuded lobes very unequal, the spur obtuse. March-April. Wet, sandy soil. Hi. BIGNONIACEJE. lUCJXOXLV FAMILY. Trees, shrubs or woody vines ; leaves simple or compound, opposite or alternate, exstipulate ; flowers showy, in termi- nal or axillary clusters, perfect, somewhat irregular ; calyx 2-lipped and 5-lobed, or truncate and entire ; corolla funnel- form or tubular, 2-lipped, 5-lobed ; stamens 2 or 4 and didyn- amous, inserted in the tube of the corolla ; ovary 2-celled, many-ovuled, style slender, stigma 2-lobed ; fruit a 2-valved, 2- or 4-celled, many-seeded capsule. I. BIGNONIA. Woody vines; leaves opposite, com])ound, usually tendril- bearing ; flowers large, in axillary clusters ; calyx cup-shaped, truncate or undulate-toothed ; corolla si)reading-tubular, some- what 2-li])ped, the lobes rounded; stamens 4, didynamous; capsule linear, flattened ])arallel witli the jjartition, the 2 valvt's se{)arating from the partition at maturity ; seeds flat, broadly winged. B. CRrci(;Ei{A L. Cross-vine. Stem clinihing high, a trans- verse section of the older stems showing a conspicuous cross fornu'd by the 4 medullary rays; branches glabrous; leaves evergreen, jx'tioled ; leaflets 2, ovate, acuminate with a blunt apex, cordate at tiie base, entire, stalked, upper l(»aflets transformed into branching tendrils; flowers numerous, short-peduncled ; corolla 2 in. long, 216 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. reddish-brown without, yellow within ; capsule 6 in. long, flat, the valves with a prominent central nerve ; seeds broadly winged on the sides, short-winged on the ends. March-April. Common in woods. II. TECOMA. Woody vines, climbing by aerial rootlets ; leaves compound, odd-pinnate ; flowers large, in terminal clusters ; calyx bell- shaped, unequally 5-toothed ; corolla funnel-form, enlarged above the calyx, 5-lobed, slightly 2-lipped ; stamens 4, didyn- amous ; capsule slender-fusiform, slightly compressed con- trary to the partition, 2-valved, dehiscent ; seeds winged. T. KADicANS (L.) DC. Trumpet Flower. Stems climbing high by numerous rootlets, bark shreddy ; leaves deciduous, petioled ; leaflets 9-11, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, serrate, short-stalked, smooth or slightly pubescent ; flowers in short, terminal racemes or corymbs ; calyx tubular, | in. long ; corolla 2-3 in. long, scarlet without, yellow within, the lobes spreading ; capsule 5-6 in. long, curved, often per- sistent through the winter ; seeds broadly winged. May-June. On borders of fields and in woods. III. CATALPA. Small trees ; leaves opposite, simple, petioled, deciduous ; flowers large and showy, in terminal y)anicles ; calyx irregu- larly 2-lipped ; corolla tubular-bell-shaped, oblique, 5-lobed, 2-lipped ; fertile stamens 2, sterile stamens o, short ; fruit a linear, 2-valved, many-seeded capsule; seeds winged. C. Catalpa (L.) Karst. Catalpa. A small tree with thin, rough, gray bark and light, soft, but exceedingly durable wood; leaves long-petioled, cordate, entire or palmately 8-lobed, acuminate at the apex, palmately veined, pubescent ; branches of the panicle in 3's ; flowers large. 1-H in. long, white, variegated with yellow and purple ; corolla lobes uudulate or crisped ; capsule very slender, 1 ft. or moi-e in length, pendulous; seeds with long, fimbriate wings. April-June. On margins of rivers and swamps. 115. MARTYNIACEJE. UXICORN-PLANT FAMILY. Herbs ; leaves entire, petioled, the lower opposite, the upper alternate ; flowers perfect, irregular, in terminal racemes ; DICOTYLEDONS. 217 calyx 4-o-cleft or parted, ofteu split to the base on one side ; corolla spreading, tubular, oblique, 2-lipped, 5-lobed, the lobes nearly equal and spreading ; fertile stamens 2 or 4 ; ovary 1-celled, but often becoming 2- or 4-celled by the intrusion of the parietal placentae, style slender, stigma 2-lobed; fruit a 2-valved, woody capsule beaked by 2 long and recurved liornsj seeds numerous. MARTYNIA. Characters of the family. M. Louisiana Mill. Unicorn Plant. Annual herbs, densely viscid-pubescent ; stem stout, diffusely branched, becoming decum- bent, 2-4 ft. long ; leaves round-cordate, undulate or entire ; petiole long and stout ; racemes short, few-flowered ; calyx 5-cleft, with 2 or 4 bracts at the base; corolla H-2 in. long, whitish, tinged with yel- low and purple, tube somewhat curved ; capsule 5-6 in. long, crested on one side, shorter than the divergent, recurved horns. June- August. In waste places. 11 (i. acanthace;e. acaxthus family. Herbs ; stems usually 4-sided, often swollen between the joints; leaves simjde, op])Osite, exstipulate ; flowers usually axillary, i)erfect, often irregular, bracted ; calyx 4-r)-parted, persistent; corolla r)-lobed, often 2-lipped; fertile stamens 2 or 4, insertFLOWERED Water Willow. Stcms erect or ascending from a creeping base, slender, simple, 4-12 in. high ; leaves ovate to lanceolate, sessile or short-petioled ; spikes few-flowered, on peduncles shorter than the leaves; calyx lobes subu- late ; corolla less than i in. long, pale purple, the lower lip with darker veins ; capsule longer than the calyx. INIay-August. On muddy banks. DICOTYLEDONS. 219 117. PLANT AGIN ACEJE. PLANTAIN FAMILY. Acaulescent herbs from fibrous roots ; leaves basal, promi- nently veined ; scape erect, bearing a terminal spike or head of small, perfect, polygamous or dioecious flowers ; calyx of 4 scarious-margined, persistent sepals ; corolla rotate or salver- form, the tube short, the limb 4-parted, scarious ; stamens 2 or 4, included or exserted, inserted in the tube of the corolla and alternate with its lobes, filaments slender, anthers versatile; ovary free, 2- or 4-celled, style slender; fruit a 2-celled, few- or many-seeded capsule, dehiscence circumscissile. PLANTAGO. Characters of the family. 1. P. MAJOR L. Plantain. Perennial, from a very short voot- stock; leaves ovate to oval, strongly 5-9-ril)hed, acute or obtuse at the apex, rounded at the base into a long, concave petiole, entire or toothed, smooth or slightly pubescent; scape taller than the leaves, pubescent, spike densely flowered; bracts short, ovate; flowers per- fect ; stamens 4, exserted ; capsule ov^oid, about twice the length of the calyx. April-August. Conuuon in dooryards. '2. P. LANCEOLATA L. RiB(jRAss. 15iennial or perennial: vil- lous or nearly smooth; leaves numerous, lanceolate to elliptical, acute, long-petioled, strongly :5-5-ril)bed, entire or toothed; scapes nuich longer than the leaves, striate-angled, 1-2 ft. high, spike short and dense; hracts and se]>als ovate; corolla glabrous; capsule longer than the calyx, 'i-.seeded. March-Octohcr. Introduced; coniinon in meadows. 3. P. AUisTATA Michx. Lar(;k-uka(TKI) Plantain. Annual; leaves broatUy linear, entire or s])aringly denticulate, narrowed below into a margined ])('tiol(', sniootii or silky-puhescent ; scape longer than the leaves, (5-10 in. high, s]iike dense; bracts linear, ^-1 in. long; stamens 4; capsule "i-seeded. louder than the calyx, .\pril- Scpteniber. Couiiuon on dry soil. 4. P. nr.TKK(H'iivLLA Xutt. >rvNV-si:Ki>i:i> Plantain. Annual: leaves linear, fleshy, entire or with a few spreading teeth, smooth or slightly jtuhescent; scapes slender, i>-() iiL liigh, sjtike v«'ry slender, Miany-tlowered, the lowt'r flowers often .seattcred; l)racts ovate, longer Ihan the .sepals; staiiHMis "J; cajtsule twice the length of the calyx, nuuiv-.seedc'd. .March-Mav. Conuuon in cultivated iiround. 220 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 118. RUBIACEiE. MADDER FAMILY. Herbs, shrubs or trees ; leaves simple, opposite or whorled ; flowers perfect, regular, axillary or terminal ; calyx tube adherent to the ovary, the limb 4-6-toothed or wanting ; corolla rotate to funnel-form, 4-6-lobed, inserted in the throat of the calyx ; stamens inserted in the throat of the corolla, as many as its lobes and alternate with them ; ovary 1-sev- eral-celled, style single ; fruit a capsule, drupe or berry. I. HOUSTONIA. Annual, biennial or perennial herbs ; stems erect or diffuse ; leaves entire, stipules often only a line connecting the bases of opposite leaves ; flowers small, solitary or clustered ; calyx 4-toothed, persistent ; corolla rotate to funnel-form, 4-lobed ; stamens 4 ; ovary 2-celled, style slender, stigmas 2 ; fruit a 2-celled, few-many-seeded capsule, dehiscent at the apex, which is free from the calyx. 1. H. ccERULEA L. Bluets. Perennial, from very slender rootstocks ; stems tufted, erect, smooth, forking, 3-6 in. high ; leaves sessile, often ciliate, the lower spatulate, the upper lanceolate ; flowers solitary, on slender, axillary peduncles ; calyx small ; corolla salver- form, blue or white, yellow in the throat ; flowei'S of two forms, the stamens exserted and the style short in one form, while in the other the stamens are short and the style exserted ; capsule laterally compressed, 2-lobed, shorter than the calyx. February- April. Com- mon on open ground. 2. H. MINOR (Michx.) Britt. Small Bluets. Annual; stem erect, branched at the base, forking above, smooth, 2-4 in. high; lower leaves oval to ovate, petioled, the upper narrower and sessile ; flowers solitary, on slender, axillary peduncles, blue or white ; calyx small ; lobes of the corolla about as long as the tube ; stamens and style exserted or included ; capsule compressed, as long as the calyx. February- April. Common on dry, open ground. 3. H. PURPUREA L. Large Bluets. Perennial; stem stout, erect, simple or branched, smooth or pubescent, 4-angled, 6-12 in. high ; leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, sessile or short-petioled, 3-5- nerved, often ciliate on the margins; flowers in terminal cymes, purple to nearly white ; corolla funnel-form, the tube longer than DICOTYLEDONS. 221 the limb, hairy within; stamens and style exserted or included; cap- sule compressed-glol)ose, much shorter than the calyx. May- July. In dry, open ^YOods. 4. H. LONGiFOLiA Gaertii. Long-leaved Bluets. Peren- nial; stem erect, branched, smooth, -l-angled, 8-12 in. high; leaves sessile, the lower oblanceolate or spatulate, the upper linear, 1-nerved ; corymbs terminal, few-flowered ; corolla light purple to white, the lobes much shorter than the tube ; capsule compressed-globose, nearly as long as the calyx. May-July. In dry, open woods. II. CEPHALANTHUS. Shrubs ; leaves opposite, entire, short-petioled, stipulate ; flowers white, in axillary, long-peduncled heads ; calyx obconic, 4-lobed ; corolla tubular, 4-lobed ; stamens 4, filaments short ; ovary 2-celled, 2-ovuled, style slender, exserted, stigma capi- tate ; fruit dry, obconical. C. occidentalis L. Bi'TTON-BUSH. A branching shrub, 5-10 ft. high, young branches pubescent ; leaves ovate-oblong, acute at each end, smooth or pubescent ; stipules triangular ; peduncles nearly as long as the leaves; heads globose, al)out 1 in. in diameter; style twice the length of the corolla ; ovary much shorter tlian the calyx. June-Auaust. Common on wet ground. HI. MITCHELLA. Perennial ; stem very slender, woody, creeping ; leaves entire, petioled, stipulate, evergreen ; flowers in pairs on axillary or terminal peduncles; calyx 4-lobed; corolla funnel- form, 4-lobed, hairy witliin ; stamens 4, alternate with the lobes of the corolla; ovary 4-celled, 4-ovuled, stigmas 4; stamens included and style exserted, or stamens exserted and style included ; frnit 2 united, 4-seeded dru})es or berries. M. itEi'EXS L. TwiN-HEUHV. Stem rooting at the joints, smooth, 1-2 ft. long; leaves l)roadly ovate to cordate, dark green, shining above; stipules minute : ]H'duncles shorter tlian the leaves; flowers Nvliite. tlie buds tinged with i)ink. k in. long; fruit briglit red, " two- eyed " above by tlie renuiins of the calyces, jiersistent throngli tlie winter, edible. Marcii-May. In rieii, «lami) wookr. A brancliiiig shrub 0-10 ft. high ; stem weak, pith very large ; leaves odd-pimiate ; leaflets 7-11, ovate to oval, acuminate at the apex, rounded at the base, short-stalked, serrate, smootii or slightly jtulu'sceiit; cymes broad, flat-topped, 5-rayed ; flowers small ; fruit })ur]»lish-black. May-.Iuly. Common on low ground and along fences. 224 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. II. VIBURNUM. Shrubs or small trees ; leaves simple, entire, dentate or lobed, stipulate or exstipulate; flowers small, white, in termi- nal cymes, the outer flowers of the cyme sometimes greatly enlarged and sterile ; calyx tube very small, 5-toothed ; corolla rotate or campanulate, 5-lobed; stamens 5, inserted in the tube of the corolla ; ovary 1-3-celled, 1-3-ovuled but only 1 ovule maturing, style short, 3-lobed ; fruit a 1-seeded drupe. 1. V. ACERiFOLiUM L. Maple-leaved Arrow-wood. A slen- der shrub 3-6 ft. high ; leaves broadly ovate to cordate, palmately veined and 3-lobed, serrate or nearly entire, petioled, pubescent, becoming smooth above ; cymes peduncled, about 7-rayed, '2-3 in. wide ; sterile flowers none ; fruit oval, black, stone flat, 2-ridged on the edges. May-June. In dry, open woods. 2. V. DENTATUM L. Arrow-wood. A shrub 8-15 ft. high ; leaves broadly ovate to oval, acute at tlie apex, rounded or cordate at the base, coarsely dentate, smooth above, hairy in the axils of the veins beneath, short-petioled : cymes long-peduncled, 7-rayed, 2-3 in. wide ; sterile flowers none : calyx smooth ; fruit globose, dark blue, stone compressed, grooved on one side. ]\Iarch-May. In rich, damp soil. o. V. NUDUM L. AYiTHE-ROD. A shrub 8-12 ft. high ; leaves ovate to lanceolate, entire or slightly toothed, acute at both ends, thick, smooth al)Ove, the veins prominent beneath ; petiole short ; cymes short-peduncled, 5-rayed ; sterile flowers none ; fruit ovoid, blue. April-May. Common in swamps. 4. Y. scABRELLUM T. & G. RouGH Arrow-wood. A shrub 8-12 ft. high ; leaves ovate to nearly orbicular, acute at the apex, cor- date, rounded or cuneate at the base, coarsely serrate, thick, stellate- tomentose lieneath, short-petioled ; cymes peduncled, 7-rayed ; calyx and corolla hairy ; fruit globose, dark blue. ]\Iay-fTune. Swamps and river banks. 5. V. PRUNiFOLiUM L. Black Haw. A small tree 15-20 ft. high ; leaves oval to ovate, acute or obtuse at each end, finely and sharply serrate, smooth and shining above, often slightly pubescent beneath ; petioles dilated and rusty-pubescent ; cymes sessile, large, 4-5-rayed ; sterile flowers none ; drupe oval, bluish-black, edible. April-May. In rich, moist woods. DICOTYLEDONS. 225 III. SYMPHORICARPOS. Shrubs ; leaves short-petioled, deciduous ; flowers in axillary clusters ; calyx tube globose, 4-5-toothed ; corolla campauu- late, 4-o-lobed, sometimes gibbous at the base, smooth or hairy within ; stamens 4-5 ; ovary 4-celled, 2 of the cells with a single fertile ovule in each, the other cells with several abortive ovules ; style slender, stigma capitate or 2-lobed ; fruit a 4-celled, 2-seeded berry. S. Symphokicarpos (L.) ]MacM. Coral Berry. A slender, branching- jshrub 2-4 ft. high; twigs purple; leaves oval to ovate, entire or nearly so, smooth above, pubescent beneath ; flowers in small, axillary clusters: corolla pinkish, nearly smooth within; style bearded; I'ruit red, globose, persistent through the winter. June- September. River banks, on dry soil. IV. LONICERA. Shrubs or woody vines ; leaves simple, usually entire, often connate ; calyx tube ovoid, o-toothed ; corolla tubular to cam- panulate, often gibbous at the base or bilabiate ; stamens 5 ; ovary 2-3-celled, ovules several in each cell, style slender, stigma capitate ; fruit a 1-3-celled, 1-few-seeded berry. 1. L. FLAVA Sims. Yellow Honeysuckle. Stem somewhat twining; leaves oval to obovate. obtuse, entire, green above, glau- cous beneath, the lower short-i>etioled, the upper sessile or connate ; flowers in crowded, terininal whorls, bright yellow, fragrant; corolla tube slen«ler, 1-H in. long, bilabiate, 4-lobed, pubescent within; stamens and style exserted. April-July. On river banks and hill- sides ; often cultivated. •J. I^. SEMI'EltVIRENS L. C'OHAL I loNK YSl'CK LK. Stem twiuiug high; leaves evergreen, oval to ohlong, ol)tuse. entire, smooth ahove, pale and often ])ubescent beneath, the lower petioled, tlie u])per pair nearly semi-orbicular and connate; flowering sjtikes t«Mininal. bear- ing several whorls; corolla about *J in. long, shuider, smooth, the limb short, nearly ecpially a-lobed, scarlet without, bright yellow within; stamens slightly exserted; fruit red. April-September. On low ground; often cultivated. o. L. Japonic A Thunb. Japan Honeysickle. St«Mn twining high; young branches pubescent; leaves ovate to oblong, entire, smooth above, pale and pubescent beneath, all short-petioleil ; j>edun- 226 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. cles axillary, 2-bracted, 2-flowered ; flowers white or piuk, fading to yellow, bilabiate, the lips nearly as long as the pubescent tube ; sta- mens and style exserted; fruit black. May- August. Introduced from Japan ; common in cultivation. V. DIERVILLA. Shrubs : leaves serrate, short-petioled ; flowers in axillary cymes ; calyx tube oblong, 5-toothed, teeth linear ; corolla funnel-form, gibbous at the base, nearly equally 5-lobed ; sta- mens 5; ovary 2-celled, many-ovuled, style slender, stigma capitate ; fruit a 2-celled, 2-valved, many -seeded capsule. D. Japonica Thunb. AVeigela. A stout, branching shrub 3-6 ft. high ; leaves broadly oval, acute at the apex, rounded at the base, coarsely serrate, rough above, pubescent beneath, short-petioled ; flowers spreading, funnel-form, rose-color, 1-H i"- long; calyx lobes deciduous ; corolla pubescent without, the lobes spreading ; capsule oblong or fusiform ; seeds reticulate-winged. April-May. Intro- duced from Japan; common in cultivation. 120. VALERIANACE^. VALERIAN FAMILY. Annual or perennial herbs ; leaves opposite, exstipulate ; flowers perfect or polygamo-dioecious, in panicled or corym- bose cymes ; calyx tube adherent to the ovary, the limb toothed, lobed, pappus-like or w^anting; corolla tubular to fuiinel-form, 5-lobed, gibbous at the base ; stamens mostly 3, inserted in the tube of the corolla ; ovary 3-celled, 2 of the cells abortive, the other containing a single ovule ; style fili- form, stigma entire or lobed ; fruit a nerved achene. VALERIANELLA. Annual herbs ; stem forking regularly ; leaves opposite, entire or dentate ; flowers in crowded, terminal, bracted cymes ; calyx limb toothed or wanting ; corolla white or pur- plish, funnel-form, 5-lobed; stamens 3; style 3-lobed ; fruit 3-celled, 1-seeded. 1. V. Locusta (L.) Bettke. Lamb Lettuce. Stem erect, smooth, or pubescent at the nodes, many times forked, 9-12 in. DICOTYLEDONS. 227 high; basal leaves tufted, spatulate to obovate, entire, the upper lanceolate, dentate, sessile ; cymes short-pedimcled, bracts linear ; flowers pale blue ; fruit compressed, oblique, April-tTune. On rich soil in waste places. 2. y. RADiATA (L.) Dufr. Corn Salad. Stem erect, smooth above, pubescent below, 2-J: times forked, 8-12 in. high; lower leaves spatulate, entire, the upper lanceolate, clasping at the base, dentate ; cymes compact ; bracts lanceolate ; flowers white ; fruit ovoid, downy, furrowed. February-April. On damp soil. 121. CUCURBITACE^. GOURD FAMILY. Annual or perennial herbs; stems succulent, tendril-bear- ing, climbing or trailing ; leaves alternate, simple, petioled, palmately veined or lobed, exstipulate ; flowers axillary, soli- tary or racemed, moncecious or dioecious ; calyx tube adnata to the ovary, 5-lobed; corolla usually gamopetalous, inserted on the calyx ; stamens mostly 3, 2 of them with the anthers 2-celled, the other with the anther 1-celled ; filaments short, often united ; ovary 1-3-celled, style entire or lobed ; fruit usually fleshy, 1-3-celled, seeds flat. I. CUCURBITA. & y Annual or perennial herbs ; stem trailing, 2-20 ft. long leaves angular-lobed ; tendrils branching ; flowers monoecious solitary or in small clusters ; calyx o-tootlied, tlie limb decidu- ous ; corolla bell-sha])ed, r)-lobed ; staminate flowers w'ith 3 stamens and no pistil, pistillate flowers with 1 ])istil and 3 abortive stamens ; style sliort, stigmas 3-5, each 2-lol)ed ; fruit l-celled witli numerous seeds on the 3 parietal })lacenta3. 1. C. MKLOi'Ki'o L. Si'MMKR Squasii. StPMi rougli-liairv. angled, 2-5 ft. long; leaves broadly cordate, angularly i5-.")-l()b('d. rough; flowers yellow, short-jtedinu'led ; fruit orbicular, longitudi- nally com])ressed, the margin smooth, wavy or tub«M<'ular. May- July. Common in cultivation. 2. C. vkrrucosa L. ('i{(>nKNK( k Si/iAsM. Stem rougli-liairv, angled and striate, 5-10 ft. long; leaves cordate, deeply 5-I()bed, \ery rougli, long-petioled ; flowers light yellow, long-]ieduncled : fruit clavate, the liase often slender and curved, smooth or t iibcrculate, very variable. June-August. Conniion in cultivation. 228 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. II. MELOTHRIA. Perennial ; stem slender ; tendrils rarely branched ; leaves entire or angular-lobed ; flowers polygamous or dioecious ; staminate flowers clustered, calyx and corolla campanulate, 5-lobed, pistil minute or wanting ; pistillate flowers solitary, calyx contracted above the ovary, corolla campanulate, 5- parted ; ovary 3-celled, many-ovuled, style short, stigmas 3 ; fruit smooth, berry-like, many-seeded. M. PENDULA L. Creeping Cucumber. Stem very slender, smooth, branched, climbing, 3-G ft. long; leaves cordate, rough, 3-5-lobed, the lobes toothed ; flowers yellow, the staminate in few- flowered racemes, the pistillate solitary, on long and slender droop- ing peduncles ; fruit oval, about ^ in. long, greenish-black. May- August. In thickets on light soil. III. SICYOS. Annual ; stem slender ; tendrils branched ; leaves angled ; flowers monoecious ; calyx tube campanulate, with 5 minute teeth ; corolla rotate, the limb deeply 5-parted ; staminate flowers in racemes, pistillate flowers in capitate clusters ; ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled, style short, slender, stigmas 3 ; fruit membranaceous, bristly, 1-seeded. S. ANGULATUS L. Star Cucumber. Stem slender, clammy- pubescent, somewhat angled, climbing 10-20 ft.; tendrils mostly 3-foiked ; leaves thin, cordate to orbicular, angled and denticulate, rough on both sides ; flowers greenish-white ; fruit long-peduncled, yellowish, indehiscent. June- August. River banks and damp places. [Among the cultivated plants belonging to this family are the watermelon and citron {Citrullus vulgaris), the cucumber (Cneumis sativus), the muskmelon (^Cucumis melo), and the Gourd {Larjenaria vulgare).'] 122. CAMPANULACE;E. BELL-FLOWER FAMILY. Annual, biennial or perennial herbs, juice acrid or milky ; leaves alternate, entire, dentate or lobed, exstipulate ; flowers perfect, regular or irregular; calyx tube adherent to the DICOTYLEDONS. 229 ovary, the limb 3-5-lobed, usually persistent ; corolla inserted at the top of the calyx tube, 5-lobed, often bilabiate with the tube split to the base on one side ; stamens 5, alternate witli the lobes of the corolla, filaments and anthers distinct or united ; ovary 1-o-celled, style single, smooth or bearded ; fruit a capsule. I. CAMPANULA. Annual, biennial or perennial herbs ; flowers solitary, racemed or spiked, regular, blue or white ; calyx 5-lobed or parted ; corolla rotate to bell-shaped, 5-lobed ; stamens 5, free from the corolla, distinct, filaments dilated at the base ; ovary 3-5-celled, many-ovuled, style 3-parted ; capsule short, bearing the persistent calyx lobes at its apex, many-seeded, dehiscent on the sides. • C. Amehicaxa L. Tall Bell-flower. Annual or biennial; stem erect, slender, smooth or pubescent, simple or with a few ascend- ing branches above, 2-5 ft. high ; leaves ovate to lanceolate, acumi- nate at the apex, tapering below into a short petiole, serrate, thin ; flowers in an elongated, leafy spike, single or '2-4 together; calyx lobes slender, spreading ; corolla bine, 1 in. wide, rotate ; style curved, long-exserted ; capsule strongly ribbed, longer than the calyx lobes. June-Septeml)er. In moist, open woods. II. LEGOUZIA. Annual ; stems slender, angled ; leaves entire or toothed ; flowers axillary, regular, solitary or in small clusters, ses- sile, bracted ; calyx tube slender, 3-5-i)arted ; corolla rotate, 5-lobed ; stamens with the filaments flattened and shorter tlian the anthers ; ovary 3-celled, many-ovuled, stigmas 3 ; Iriiit a prismatic, 3-cell('(l, niimy-secded ('a])Siile. 1. I^. iiiKLOKA (H. \ ]*.) l>ritt. Si'KCTLAKiA. Stem erect, sim- ple or l)ranclu'd from lli<- l»;isc, ;iiil;1«'s roughened. lO-'JO in. high ; leaves ovate to lanceolate, acnte at the apex, sessile, crenatt* or entire, the uj)per bract-like; Howers solitary or in pairs; corolla blue, often Nvantini^; cajtsnle cylindrical, smaller above. March-rFnly. In waste places. 230 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 2. L. PERFOLiATA (L.) Bi'itt. Venus's Looking-glass. Stem simple or branched, slightly pubescent, smooth or rough on the angles, 1-2 ft. high ; leaves very numerous, round-cordate, clasping at the base, crenate or sometimes entire ; flowers solitary or 2-3 together ; calyx teeth 3-5 ; corolla blue, sometimes wanting ; capsule oblong, ribbed. May-September. Common in fields and waste places. III. LOBELIA. Annual, biennial or perennial, with acrid, poisonous juice ; stems erect ; leaves alternate, sometimes nearly all basal, mostly setrate with glandular-pointed teeth ; flowers in termi- nal, leafy-bracted spikes or racemes, red, white or blue, irregu- lar ; calyx 5-lobed ; tube of the corolla straight or curved, split to the base on one side, the limb bilabiate, the upper lip smaller, with 2 erect or reflexed lobes, the lower lip spreading, 3-lobed ; stamens 5, free from the corolla, mona- delphous, some or all of the anthers with a tuft of hair at the apex, united around the style; ovary 2-celled, many- ovuled, style single, slender, stigma 2-lobed, fringed ; fruit a 2-celled, many-seeded, capsule. 1. L. PALUDOSA Nutt. Swamp Lobelia. Perennial; stem smooth and glabrous, simple or with a few erect branches, nearly leafless, 2-4 ft. high ; leaves mostly basal, fleshy, spatulate to linear, entire or denticulate, the lower narrowed into a petiole, the upper sessile ; flowers small, pale blue or white, in loose racemes, bracts small ; calyx lobes slender, not appendaged ; lower lip of the corolla pubescent. May-August. Swamps in pine barrens. 2. ■ L. CARDiNALis L. CARDINAL Flower. Perennial; stem stout, smooth or slightly pubescent, simple, 2-4 ft. high ; leaves numerous, oblong to lanceolate, acuminate at the apex, denticulate, thin, smooth or slightly pubescent, the low^er petioled, the upper ses- sile; flowers in a bracted raceme, bright scarlet, 1-1 1 in. long, very showy ; bracts leaf-like ; calyx smooth or pubescent, not appendaged, the lobes linear ; stamens and style exserted. June-September. On wet soil. 3. L. SYPHILITICA L. Blue Lobelia. Perennial ; stem stout, pubescent, simple, 1-3 ft. high ; leaves very numerous, lanceolate to oval, acute at each end, thin, smooth, coarsely serrate, sessile or the lo^yer petioled ; flowers bright blue, in a dense, leafy raceme ; calyx hairy, the lobes lanceolate, denticulate, hah the length of the corolla, with deflexed, auricled appendages in the sinuses ; corolla about 1 in. long, glabrous. June-October. On w^et soil. DICOTYLEDONS. 231 4. L. SPICATA Lam. Spiked Lobelia. Biennial or perennial; stem pubescent, simple, 1-3 ft. high ; lower leaves oval to obovate, obtuse at the apex, denticulate, narrowed below to the short petiole, upper leaves smaller, lanceolate, sessile; raceme long and dense; pedicels short; bracts linear; flowers small, pale blue; calyx tube smooth, shorter than the lobes, without appendages ; corolla ^^ in. long. June-August. On dry, sandy soil. 123. CICHORIACE^. CHICORY FAMILY. Annual or perennial herbs ; juice milky, usually acrid and bitter ; leaves alternate or basal ; flowers in a close head which is surrounded by an involucre consisting of 1 or more rows of bracts; the receptacle naked or with chaffy scales, nearly smooth or pitted, flat or convex ; flowers perfect ; the calyx tube adnate to the ovary, the limb sometimes wanting, but usually prolonged above into a pappus of scales, bristles, or fine hairs which are often plumose ; corolla tubular below, prolonged above into a strap-shaped or ligulate ray which is usually 5-toothed at the apex ; stamens 5, inserted in the tiibe of the corolla, the anthers united into a ring about the slender, 2-lobed style ; ovary 1-celled ; fruit an acliene. T. SERINIA. Annual; stem branching, glaucous; leaves lanceolate to linear, entire or lobed, petioled or sessile ; flowers yellow, in long-peduncled heads ; the involucre spreading in flower, connivent in fruit, usually of 8 equal bracts about as long as the corollas; receptacle naked; achenia ovoid-oblong, ribbed and striate, pappus none. S. opposiTiEoM A (rviif.) Kuiit/.r. Skkima. Stem very glau- cous, succulent, branched below, [-\\1 in. liigh ; lower leaves lanceo- late, entire or ])innatifid, long-pt'tioled, the upper narrower and usually entire, clasping, the two higliest often nearly o])posite; pedun- cles long and slfiider, often glannve. :J-1() ft. high; leaves lanceolate to 234 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. spatulate, pale beneath, the lower petioled and pinnatifid, the upper sessile, clasping, and nearly entire ; heads numerous, about •20-flow- ered ; flowers yellow; achenes oval, flat, ^ 1 -ribbed on each side, minutely roughened, about as long as the beak; pappus white. June-October. In waste places. 2. L. viLLOSA Jacq. Blue Lettuce. Stem very leafy, smooth, paniculately branched above, 3-6 ft. high ; leaves ovate to lanceo- late, acuminate, often hairy beneath, the lower on winged petioles and often sinuate-lobed, the upper sessile ; heads racemed, on diver- gent and bracted peduncles ; flowers blue ; achenes slightly com- pressed, beak very short; pappus white. June-September. In waste places. VI. SITILIAS. Annual or biennial ; stem erect, leafy below, nearly naked above, smooth ; leaves oblong, toothed or pinnatifid ; heads large, long-peduncled ; involucre cylindrical or spreading, the inner row of bracts erect, united at the base, the outer rows shorter and spreading ; receptacle naked ; flowers yellow ; rays truncate, 5-toothed at the apex ; achenes oblong, 5-ribbed, narrowed above into a long and slender beak ; pappus soft, tawny, with a short, villous ring at the base. S. Carolixiaxa (Walt.) Raf. False Daxdeliox. Annual or biennial; stem glabrous, furrowed, branched above, 2-3 ft. high; lower leaves lanceolate to oblong, entire, toothed or pinnatifid, nar- rowed into a margined petiole, the upper sessile, bract-like, entire ; heads few, long-peduncled, peduncles and involucre sometimes puberu- lent ; inner bracts calloused at the apex, the outer subulate and spreading; achenes much shorter than the filiform beak. April- July. Common in fields. 124. composit;e. thistle family. Herbs or shrubs, with watery or resinous juice; leaves opposite, alternate or basal, entire, toothed, or divided, ex- stipulate ; flowers in heads surrounded by an involucre of bracts in 1 or more rows ; the receptacle naked or chaffy, smooth or pitted, concave, flat or convex ; flowers perfect or variously imperfect ; calyx tube adnate to the ovary, the limb prolonged above into a pappus of scales, bristles or DICOTYLEDONS. 235 hairs, or rarely wanting ; corolla tubular, 5-toothed or rarely bilabiate, the corollas of the marginal flowers often prolonged into a strap-sha23ed or ligulate ray ; when both tubular and ray flowers are present the head is said to be radiate, and when all the flowers are tubular it is said to be discoid ; sta- mens usually 5, united by their anthers into a ring about the slender, 2-cleft style ; fruit an achene. The largest family of flowering plants, and the one in which the flowers are most highly specialized. Fully ten thousand species are known, though comparatively few are of great economic importance. ^lost of the species bloom late in the season. Heads discoid. Receptacle naked. Pappus of chaffy bristles Pappus of capillary bristles . Pappus of plumose bristles . Pappus of bearded bristles . Receptacle chaffy Receptacle bristly . Heads radiate. Rays yellow. Receptacle naked. Pappus capillary, heads racemed . Pappus capillary, heads corymbed Pappus of chaffy scales Receptacle cliaffy. Leaves alternate, rays fertile Leaves alternate, rays neutral Leaves opposite. Pappus of 2 chaffy scales or wanting. Involucre in several rows Involucre in 2 rows Pappus of 2-4 barbed awns I. Elephantopus. II. Eupatoriuni. III. Lacinaria. IV. Trilisa. XII. Bidens. XVI. Carduus. V. Solidago. XV. Senecio. XIII. Ileleniuni. \'III. Silphiuni. IX. Rudk'ckia. X. Ilclianthus. XT. ('oreoi)sis. XII. Bidens. 236 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. Rays white or purplish. Receptacle naked. Disk flowers tubular. Bracts imbricated in several rows . VI. Aster. Bracts only slightly imbricated . VII. Erigeron. Disk flowers bilabiate . . . XVII. Thyrsanthema. Receptacle chaffy XIV. Achillea. I. ELEPHANTOPUS. Perennial herbs ; stem scape-like, corymbosely branched above ; leaves mostly basal and nearly entire ; heads small, in dense, bracted clusters, discoid, 3-5-fiowered ; involucre oblong, its bracts about 8, in 2 series, the outer shorter ; receptacle naked ; corollas all alike, deeply 5-lobed, deeply cleft on one side, purple ; achenes oblong, ribbed, hairy; pappus of rigid, awn-like scales or bristles which are dilated at the base. 1. E. Carolinianus Willd. Carolina Elephant's Foot. Stem erect, hairy, leafy, 1-2 ft. high ; leaves oval to obovate, obtuse at the apex, narrowed below into a winged petiole, serrate or den- tate, the upper often sessile ; bracts 3-5, ovate, longer than the heads; invohicral bracts slightly hairy; achenes hairy, 10-ribbed. June-September. In damp, shady places. 2. E. TOMENTOsus L. WooLLY Elephant's FooT. Stem erect. rough-hairy, nearly leafless, 1-2 ft. high; leaves mostly basal, obo- vate-oblong, on a margined petiole, crenate, soft-pubescent beneath, stem leaves 1 or 2, small, sessile ; bracts ovate to cordate, shorter than the heads, involucral bracts very hairy ; achenes nearly smooth, 10-ribbed. June-August. In damp soil. II. EUPATORIUM. Perennial herbs ; stems leafy ; leaves opposite, verticillate or sometimes alternate, often resinous-dotted ; heads discoid, .3-many-flowered, in cymes or panicles ; involucre cylindrical or spreading, its bracts imbricated in 2 or more series ; recep- tacle naked ; flowers white, blue or purple ; corolla slender ; achenes 5-angled, truncate, smooth ; pappus a single row of roudi bristles. DICOTYLEDONS. 237 1. E. PURPUREUM L. Purple Boneset. Stem erect, smooth or slightly pubescent, often striate, branched above, 3-10 ft. high ; leaves 3-6 in a whorl, lanceolate to ovate, petioled, coarsely serrate, roughened; heads in large, compound corymbs, 5-10-flowered; bracts purplish, obtuse, imbricated in several rows, the outer shorter; flowers pink or purple. fJuly-September. In moist woods. 2. E. ALBUM L. White Thoroughwort. Stem erect, rough- pubescent or hairy, branched above, 1-3 ft. high; leaves opposite, lanceolate to oblong, obtuse or acute at the apex, narrowed at the base, nearly or quite sessile, serrate, strongly veined ; heads numer- ous, in dense corymbs, o-flowered ; involucre slender, its bracts in 2-3 series, linear to lanceolate, with white and scarious edges, the tips mucronate ; flowers white. July-vSeptember. Common on dry, sandy soil. 3. E. ROTUNDIFOLIUM L. ROUND-LEAVED ThOROUGHWORT. Stem erect, rough-pubescent, simple or branched above, 2-3 ft, high; leaves opposite, broadly ovate to roundish, truncate and sessile at the base, obtusely serrate, 3-ribbed, rugose ; corymbs large, heads 5-flowered ; involucre spreading, its bracts in 2-3 series, lanceolate, densely pubescent ; flowers white. June-September. On dry soil. 4. E. PERFOLiATUM L. BoNESET. Stem erect, stout, pubescent or hairy, branched above, 2-4 ft, high ; leaves opposite, lanceolate, connate-perfoliate, crenate-serrate, rugose, with a prominent vein near the margin; corymb large and spreading; heads about 10-flowered; involucre spreading, the bracts linear-lanceolate, acute ; flowers white. July-September. On low ground. A ]io]>ular domestic remedy. ."). E. {(ELESTiNUM L. MisT Elower. Stem erect, slender, smooth or pubescent, widely l)ranched, 2-3 ft. high ; leaves opposite, ovate to deltoid or sometimes cordate, acuminate at the apex, jtftioled, coarsely dentate; corymbs spreading, heads many-flowered; involucre spreading, bracts nearly e(iual, linear-laneeolate : flowers Mue or purple. June-Se]>tember. On rich soil. in. LACINARIA. Perennial from tuberous roots ; stems usually simple ; leaves alternate, narrow, entire ; beads discoid, spiked or racemed, few- or many-Howered ; involuere oblong or bell- shaped, its bracts imi)ricated in several rows, the outer shorter; receptacde naked; corollas slender, ])urple to white; a(dienes slen(ler, narrowed to the base, 10-ribbed ; pappus of numerous ])lumose bristles. 1. L. stiUARKosA (L.) Hill. Hi.A/iNci-sTAK. Stem erect, stout, simjde. smooth oi* pul>esi-ent. 1 2 ft. high: leaves nninerons, linear. 238 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. rigid, smooth or hairy, 8-5-ribbed; heads few, about 1 in. long, in a leafy-bracted spike, many-flowered; bracts in several rows, with rigid, acuminate, spreading tips ; lobes of the corolla hairy ; pappus very plumose. June-September. On dry soil. 2. L. ELEGANS (Walt.) Kuntze. Showy Blazing-stak. Stem erect, tomentose, simple, 2-3 ft. high ; leaves very numerous, linear, punctate, the upper small and bract-like; heads very numerous, showy, 4-5-flowered, in a long and dense spike or raceme ; bracts numerous, in 2-3 series, the tips of the inner ones spreading and petal-like, the outer ones loose ; pappus very plumose. July-August. On dry pine barrens. 3. L. scARiosA (L.) Hill. Button Snakeroot. Stem stout, simple, pubescent, 3-6 ft. high; leaves pubescent and punctate, the lower spatulate to oblanceolate, the upper linear and acute ; heads large, often 1 in, wide, many-flowered, sessile or short-peduncled, in long spikes ; flowers bluish purple ; involucral bracts in several series, obtuse, the margins colored; pappus short-plumose. July- September. On dry soil. 4. L. spicata (L.) Kuntze. Spiked Button Snakeroot. Stem erect, smooth, simple, very leafy, 3-6 ft. high ; lower leaves linear, obtuse, erect, 1 ft. or more in length, 3-5-riblied, the upper smaller and bract-like ; heads in a long and dense spike, cylindrical, 8-12- flowered; flowers blue-purple to white; involucral bracts in 4-6 rows, smooth, purple, obtuse and scarious-margined at the apex; pappus short-plumose. July-September. On moist soil. IV. TRILISA. Perennial from a fibrous root ; leaves alternate ; heads in corymbs or panicles, few-flowered, discoid ; bracts in 2-3 rows, the outer shorter ; receptacle naked ; corolla 5-lobed ; achenes oblong, 10-ribbed ; pappus of barbed bristles. T. odoratissima (Walt.) Cass. Deer-tongue. Vanilla Plant. Stem erect, stout, smooth and glaucous, often pm'ple, branched above, 2-4 ft. high; lower leaves oblong to spatulate, 3-5-ribbed, thick, smooth, entire, petioled, the upper smaller and sessile ; heads in corymbs, 7-9-flowered, flowers purple ; bracts oblong, obtuse ; achenes pubescent; pappus minutely bearded. July-September.. In flat pine barrens. The withering plants strongly vanilla-scented. V. SOLIDAGO. Perennial herbs, or rarely shrubby ; leaves alternate, entire or toothed ; heads small, radiate ; involucral bracts imbri- DICOTYLEDONS. 239 cated in several rows ; receptacle pitted ; flowers yellow, ray flowers 1-16, in a single row, pistillate, disk flowers mostly perfect ; achenes terete, ribbed ; pappus of numerous, slen- der, scabrous bristles. A large genus, nearly all flowering late in the season. 1. S. c^siA L. Blue-stemmed Golden-rod. Stem erect, slender, smootli and glaucous, usuaUy blue or purple, simple or branched, 2-3 ft. high ; leaves lanceolate, acuminate, sessile, sharply serrate, smooth ; heads in axillary racemes shorter than the leaves, about 10-flowered; rays 3-4; achenes pubescent. August^Septem- ber. In woods and thickets. 2. S. Canadensis L. Canadian Golden-rod. Stem stout, erect, rough-pubescent, branched above, 3-8 ft. high ; leaves lanceo- late, serrate, 3-nerved, the lower petioled, the upper sessile; heads very numerous, on one side of the curved branches of a large pani- cle; involucral bracts linear; ray flowers 9-15; achenes pubescent. July-Xovember. ^Margins of fields, on diy ground. 3. S. NEMORALis Ait. FiELi) (ioLi)EN-ROD. Stciu slendcr, erect, gray with dense pubescence, simple, 1-2 ft. high; leaves obscurely 3-nerved, the lower lanceolate to spatulate, serrate, petioled, the upper lanceolate, mostly eutire, sessile ; heads many, the racemes in a dense panicle with curved branches, 10-12-flowered; bracts linear- oblong; ray flowers G-7 ; achenes pubescent. June-August. Com- mon in open fields. VI. ASTER. Perennial or rarely annual ; leaves alternate ; heads usually corymbed or panicled, many-flowered, radiate ; bracts imbri- cated in several rows, the outer shorter, the ti[)S spreading; receptacle naked, pitted ; ray flowers pistillate, in a single row, disk flowers })erfect, tubular ; achenes compressed, nerved ; pappus a single or double row of slender, scabrous bristles. 1. A. AzriJEi's Lindl. Hlue Aster. Stem erect, slender, rigid, rough, branched above, 2-3 ft. high; lower leaves lanceolate to cor- date, acute or obtuse at the ajx^x, truncate or cordate at the base, long, long-pet ioled, the upper lanceolate to linear, sessile; heads small, in corymbose panicles : bracts smooth ; ray flowers numerous, white or purplish; pappus double, the outer row of short, chaffy scales, the inner of rougli hairs. May-September. Common ill old fields. ^5. E. VERNUS (L.) T. & G. Early Fleabane. Perennial, from a thick rootstock; stem erect, slender, smooth, scape-like, 1-2 ft' high ; leaves mostly basal, spatulate to obovate, thick, entire or slightly toothed, with a margined petiole, upper leaves small and bract-like; heads in small, peduncled corymbs; bracts linear; ray flowers '20-30, white or pink; paj^pus single. March-May, Com- mon on wet ground. VIII. SILPHIUM. Perennial herbs with resinous juice; stems erect, leafy; leaves alternate, opposite or wliorled ; heads radiate, large, in corymbs or panicles ; involucral bracts leafy, imbricated in several rows, the inner small and chaffy ; receptacle with linear, acute chaff; ray flowers numerous, yellow, pistillate and fertile, disk flowers numerous, perfect but sterile ; style undivided; achenes in 3-4 rows, compressed, orbicular to obovate, winged on the edges, emarginate at the apex; pappus none, or coalesced with the 2 teeth of the achene. 1. S. LACixiATLM L. Co.Mi'Ass Plant. Stem stout, striate, iough-his])id with white hairs, very resinous, few-leaved, simi)le, 4-8 ft. high; leaves mostly Itasal, petioled, oval in outline, deeply pinnately parted, rough-hispid, mostly erect and facing to the east or west, stem leaves alternate, small, nearly entire ; heads spiked or racemed ; bracts large, ovate, the tips spreading; ray flowers 20- ;>0, 2-3 in. wide; achenes round-obovate, emarginate. .lune-Septem- l»er. On ])rairies and open grounds. 2. S. TEKEiUNTiiiNACErM .Iae(|. Pi; Aii;ii: l)n< K. Stein smooth, branched above, nearly leafless, 3— S It. high; leaves nearly all basal, eordate-fjvate, acute at the apex, coarsely toothed, rough, long- petioled, mostly facing to the east or west; heads loosely pani- eled, 2-3 in. wide; bracts oval, obtuse, sniootii; ray flowers 12-20; acheiu's obovate, 2-to<»tlied at tlie ajiex. June September. In ojvn woods and Helds. 242 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. IX. RUDBECKIA. Perennial or biennial ; leaves alternate, entire or lobed ; heads radiate, long-peduncled, many-flowered ; bracts imbricated in 2-3 series, spreading ; receptacle convex or long-conical, with concave, chaffy scales ; ray flowers yellow, neutral, disk flowers purple to brown, perfect ; achenes smooth, 4-angled, truncate ; pappus a few short teeth or wanting. 1. R. TRILOBA L. Thin-leaved Cone-flower. Biennial; stem erect, rough-hairy, branched, 2-5 ft. high ; leaves thin, rough on both sides, the lower long-petioled, simple or with 2 lateral lobes, middle leaves short-petioled, deeply 3-lobed or parted, the lobes ser- rate, upper leaves mostly simple, sessile, entire; heads numerous. 1-1 i in. wide; bracts narrowly lanceolate, pubescent; ray flowers 8-10, disk flowers purplish-black; scales awued, smooth, as long as the flowers ; pappus a few minute scales. June-September. On open gTOund. 2. R. HiRTA L. CoNE-FLOWER. Usually bieuuial ; stem erect, rough-hairy, simple or branched, 2-3 ft. high; leaves lanceolate to oblong, thick, obscm-ely serrate, hisx:)id, o-ribbed, the lower petioled, the upper sessile ; heads few, loug-peduncled ; bracts hispid, spreading; ray flowers 10-20, orange-yellow, disk flowers purplish- brown ; chaff acute, hairy at the apex ; pappus none. May-August. On dry, open ground. 3. R. LACiNiATA L. Tall Cone-flower. Perennial; stem smooth, branched, 3-10 ft. high; leaves thin, pubescent or rough- ened, the lower pinnately divided, the lobes irregularly cut and lobed, middle leaves 3-5-lobed or divided, the upper leaves often entire; heads few or many; bracts nearly equal; ray flowers 6-10, yeUow, 1-1^ in. long, disk flowers yellowish ; chaff truncate, pubes- cent at the apex, about as long as the achenes ; pappus of very short scales. June-September. In damp woods. X. HELIANTHUS. Annual or perennial herbs ; leaves opposite or alternate, undivided, usually 3-ribbed ; heads radiate, few or many, solitary or corymbed ; bracts in several series, the tips spread- ing or appressed ; receptacle chaffy ; ray flowers neutral, disk flowers perfect, tubular; achenes oblong to obovate, com- pressed, 4-angled ; pappus of 2-4 deciduous awns or scales. DICOTYLEDONS. '243 1. H. AXNUUS L. Sunflower. Annual; stein erect, striate, hispid, branched above, 6-12 ft. high ; leaves ovate to deltoid, 8-nerved, dentate, petioled, rough above, rough-pubescent beneath; heads terminating the branches, -1-10 in. wide ; ray flowers numer- ous, yellow; disk flowers purple; chaff 3-cleft; achenes ol)ovate, smooth or slightly pubescent. June-September. Native of the northwestern states; common in gardens. '2. II. DiVARiCATUS L. WooDLANi) SuNFLowKH. Perennial, from a slender rootstock; stem slender, smooth, branched above, "2-5 ft. high ; leaves opposite, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate at the apex, roimded at the base, serrate, very rough above, smooth or juibescent beneath; heads few, l-o in. wide, on short peduncles; bracts lanceolate to linear, spreading, as long as the disk ; ray flowers 8-12, light yellow, disk flowers yellow; chaff entire or 3-toothed, pubescent at the apex ; achenes obovate, smooth ; pappus of 2 awns. July-September. Common in woods. 3. II. DECAPETALUs L. WiLD SuNFLOWEK'. Perennial, from a thickened rootstock; stem erect, slender, pubescent above, smooth below, branched, 2-5 ft. high ; leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, thin, rough al)ove, 3-nerved, acuminate at the apex, rounded at the base, coarsely serrate, short-petioled, the lower opposite, the upper alter- nate ; heads many, yellow, 2-3 in. wide ; bracts lanceolate-linear, spreading, the outer longer than the disk; ray flowers 8-12 ; chaff 3-toothed or entire, i)ubescent at the apex: achenes smooth: pap^uis of 2 slender awns. fIuly-Septenil»ei\ C'<)innu)n on damp soil. XI. COREOPSIS. Annual or perennial herbs; leaves ()p[)usite or the upper alternate, entire or pinnately divided ; heads radiate, solitary or corymbed, many-flowered; bracts in 2 rows of about 8 each, the inner membranaceous and a])pressed, the outer nar- rower and spreading; receptacle chaffy; ray flowers neutral, disk flowers tubular, perfect; achenes compressed, oval to ob- long, often winged ; pajjpus of 2 scales or bristles, or wanting. 1. C. TiNCToinA Xiitt. (i.vKDKN CoKKopsis. .Vnuiial: stem erect, smootli, inanched, 2-3 ft. high; leaves 2-3 times pinnately divided, the divisions linear, lower leaves petioled, the np)>er often sessile and entire; heads 1-1 A in. wiile, on slender jiednncles; inner bracts brown witii scarions margins, outer bracts very short; ray flowers about 8, yellow with a brown base, 3-l()bed at the a^>ex ; achenes linear; ]»appiis miniite or none. .V])ril -Se|)tember. Com- mon in gardens. 244 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 2. C. LANCEOLATA L. TiCKSEED. Perennial; stem slender, erect or ascending, smooth or slightly pubescent below, simple, 9-15 in. high; leaves opposite, the lower spatulate to elliptical, some- times lobed, on long, ciliate petioles, the upper lanceolate, sessile; heads few, on long peduncles ; bracts ovate-lanceolate, the outer narrower; ray flowers 6-10, rays 3-5-lobed, bright yellow; achenes oval, broadly winged, warty; pappus of 2 teeth. May-June. On rich, dry soil. 3. C. AURicuLATA L. RUNNING TiCKSEED. Perennial; stem ascending or decumbent, weak, smooth, nearly simple, 6-1.5 in. long; leaves ovate to oval, entire or with 2-4 small and rounded lobes at the base, pubescent, long-petioled ; heads l-lg- in. wide, few or sin- gle; outer bracts narrower than the inner; rays 6-10, mostly 4-toothed at the apex ; chaff as long as the flowers ; achenes oblong, the wings narrow and thickened ; pappus of 2 minute teeth. April- May. In rich woods. XII. BIDENS. Annual or" perennial ; leaves opposite, simple or pinnately divided ; heads radiate or discoid, corymbed ; bracts in 2 series, the outer often long and leaf-like ; receptacle chaffy ; . ray flowers neutral or wanting, disk flowers perfect ; achenes fiat or 4-angled ; pappus of 2-4 downwardly barbed bristles. 1. B. FRONDOSA L. Beggar Ticks. Annual ; stem erect, smooth or slightly pubescent, usually purple, branched, 2-5 ft. high ; leaves pinnately 3-5-divided, the segments lanceolate to oval, acuminate, sharply serrate, thin; heads discoid, long-peduncled ; outer bracts leaf-like ; achenes flat, narrowl}^ wedge-shaped, ciliate on the edges ; pappus of 2 awns. June-September. A common weed. 2. B. HiPixNATA L. Spanish Needles. Annual; stem erect, slender, smooth, 4-angled, branched, 2-5 ft. high ; leaves bipinnate, the segments small, ovate to lanceolate, acute, serrate ; heads small, radiate ; bracts narrow, nearly equal ; ray flowers 2-4, yellow, short ; achenes linear, 4-angied, slightly pubescent; pappus of 4 barbed awns. July-September. A common weed. XIII. HELENIUM. Annual or perennial; leaves alternate, decurrent on the stem; heads radiate, peduncled, many-flowered; bracts in 2 series, the outer linear and spreading, the inner few and scale-like; receptacle naked, convex or oblong; ray flowers DICOTYLEDONS. 245 pistillate and fertile, or neutral, the rays euneate, 3-o-lobed, disk flowers perfect, tubular, 4-o-lobed ; achenes top-shaped, hairy, ribbed ; pappus of 4-5 entire, toothed or awned scales. 1. H. NUDIFLORUM Xutt. SxEKZEWKKi). Perennial : steiu sleii- der, erect, pubescent, branched above, 1-2 ft. high; leaves lanceo- late, entire or slightly toothed, the lower petioled, the upper sessile; heads numerous, ray flowers 10-1."), neutral, yellow or yellow and brown, disk flowers [)urple : achenes hairy on the ribs; pappus of ovate, denticulate, awned scales. ]\lay-fliiut'. Common on river banks. 2. II. TENLiFOLiUM Xutt. 1)11 TKi! w KKD. Anuual ; steuierect, widely branched, smooth, 1-2 ft. high; leaves very numerous, fili- form, sessile ; heads on long and slender i)eduncles; bracts subulate, soon reflexed ; ray flowers 4-8, fertile, the rays droo])ing; pappus of ovate, entire, awned scales. June-October. .V troublesome road- side and pastiu-e weed. XIV. ACHILLEA. Perennial ; leaves alternate, pinnately divided ; heads radi- ate in a terminal corymb ; involucral bracts imbricated in sev- eral series, the outer shorter ; receptacle chaffy ; ray flowers wliite or pink, pistillate and fertile, disk flowers perfect, tubular, 5-lobed ; achenes oblong, compressed, slightly mar- gined ; pa])i)us none. A. Mii.i.Kroi.nM L. Y\i;i;(t\\. Siems often clustered, erect from a creeping rootstock. simple juibescent or tomentose. l-*J ft. high; leaves lanceolate or ohlong, the segments finely cut and divid<'d, smooth or jiubescent, the lower ])etioled, tht^ upjier sessile; heads small, numerous, in flat-topi)ed corynd)s; bracts ])ubescent; ray flowers 4-5, white or ]unk, rays :]-lobed at -the ajK-x. May- September. Common in old fields. XV. SENECIO. Annual or ix-rennial ; stems often hollow; leaves alteriuite, entire or i)innately divided ; heads radiate or discoid, in terminal corymbs ; bracts mostly in a single row, often witli a few shorter ones at the base : re(;eptacle naked or pitted : ray flowers yellow or orange, j)istilhite and fertile when present, disk flowers tubular, i)erf('ct; acdienes terete or compressed, 246 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. not beaked or winged, 5-10-ribbed, pubescent ; pappus of numerous, slender, white hairs. 1. S. TOMENTOSUS Michx. Woolly Ragweed. Perennial; woolly throughout ; stem stout, erect, mostly simple, 2-3 ft. high ; lower leaves ovate to oblong, crenate or entire, obtuse, long-petioled, stem leaves few, elliptical to oblanceolate, serrate or toothed, acute, sessile ; heads radiate, f in. wide, on slender peduncles ; bracts nar- row, becoming smooth; ray flowers 12-15, yellow; achenes hairy, April-June. On damp soil. 2. S. AUREUS L. Golden Ragweed. Perennial; stems often tufted, erect, slender, woolly when young, branched above, 18-e30 in. high ; lower leaves broadly ovate, obtuse at the apex, cordate at the base, crenate, long-petioled; stem leaves lanceolate and often pin- natifid, the upper small and sessile ; heads radiate, corymbed, on slender peduncles; ray flowers 8-12, bright yellow; achenes smooth. May-July. On wet soil ; very variable. 3. S. LOBATUS Pers. Butterweed. Annual ; stem erect, ridged, hollow, often woolly when young, and becoming smooth with age, branched above, 1-3 ft. high; leaves lyrate-j)innatifid, thin, the lower petioled, the upper sessile; heads radiate in a terminal corymb; bracts linear, acute; ray flowers about 12, yellow; achenes slightly hispid on the angles ; pappus scabrous, longer than the involucre. March-May. Common on low ground. XVI. CARDUUS. Biennial or perennial ; stem erect, simple or branched ; leaves alternate, prickly, often decurrent ; heads discoid, terniinal and solitary or corymbed, many -flowered ; bracts imbricated in many series, the outer shorter, usually spine- pointed ; receptacle bristly ; corollas purplish or nearly white, the tube slender, deeply 5-cleft; achenes oblong, 4-angled, smooth or ribbed; pappus of numerous simple or plumose bristles. 1. C. ALTissiMus L. Tall Thistle. Perennial or biennial; stem stout, very leafy, pubescent or tomentose, branched, 4-10 ft. high; leaves rough-pubescent above, hoary beneath, fringed with fine prickles, not decurrent, the lower petioled and often pinnatifid, the upper sessile and entire; heads ovoid, 1 in. in diameter; bracts viscid, webby when young, all except the inner ones tipped with weak and spreading bristles ; flowers light purple. July-September. Common in fields and waste places. DICOTYLEDONS. 247 2. C. spiNOSissiMus Walt. Yellow Thistle. Biennial or perennial ; stem erect, stout, woolly when young, becoming smooth, often purple, branched, l-o ft. high; leaves pinnatitid, with very spiny teeth, mostly sessile and clasi>ing, smooth and green on both sides; heads large, surrounded by a whorl of linear-oblong, pectinate leaves; involucral bracts linear, ciliate, not spine-tipped; flowers purple or yellowish. April-June. On sandv soil. XVII. THYRSANTHEMA. Perennial, acaulescent herbs ; leaves green above, white- tomentose beneath ; scapes single or few, each bearing a single head of white or purplish tiowers ; heads radiate, many- flowered ; bracts imbricated in several rows, appressed, the outer shorter ; receptacle naked ; ray flowers in 2 rows, pis- tillate and fertile, the outer ligulate, entire or 3-toothed at the apex, the inner 3-5-toothed, flliform, disk flowers perfect but sterile, the corolla bilabiate, 5-toothed ; styles entire ; achenes oblong, 5-nerved ; ])appus of numerous white hairs. T. semiflosculare (Walt.) Kuntze. Spkixg Daisy. Leaves narrowly oval to spatulate, nearly prostrate, smooth above, densely white-woolly beneath, entire ; scapes leafless, erect, slender, tomen- tose, 0-12 in. high; heads about 1 in. wide, nodding in the bud, Itecoming erect in flower; bracts lanceolate to linear; rays broa•_'. Dodecatheon, 175. Dogbane Family, 184. Dog-tooth Violet, Yellow, 31. Dogwood, Alternate-leaved, 166. Dogwood Family, 165. Dogwood, Flowering, 165. Dogwood, Rough-leaved, 166. Dragon Root, 22. Drosera, 94. Dhoserace.k, 94. I)ki:pace.e, 108. Duchesnea, 103. Dutchman's Breeches, 88. Dutchman's Pipe, (51. Ebenace.e, 175. Ebony Family, 175. Elder, 223. Elephantopus, 236. Elephant's Foot, Carolina, 236. Elephant's Foot, Woolly, 23(). 101m Family, 54. Elm, Slippery, 55. Elm, White, 55. Elm, Winged, 55. Epigfea, 171. Ericace.e, 168. Erigcron, 240. Eryngium, 1(54. Erythrina, 129. Erythronium, 31. Euonymus, 140.