QL
508
A2S63
Ent.

UNIVEESITY OF KANSAS.

BULLETIN

OF THE

Depaetment of Entomology.

The More Destructive Grasshoppers
of Kansas.

SttC/ i

OCTOBER, 1897.

TOPEKA: ' I

J. S. PARKS, State Printer.
1897.

■:;/9

UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS,

DEPARTMENT OP ENTOMOLOGY.

A BULLETIN

ON

DESTKUGTIVE GRASSHOPPERS OF KANSAS.

Grasshoppers as pests are well known in Kansas. Here the
effects of their ravages have been fully demonstrated. While such a
general devastation as took place in the '70s may never occur again,
local destruction of crops is sure to take place at times unless well-
directed means of ijrevention are used.

Since all grasshoppers (or locusts) subsist upon vegetation, all are
injurious. Some species, however, possess peculiar characteristics
or are favored by special conditions, making their numbers greater;
consequently the damage is more noticeable. Of this class the pres-
ent paper will treat.

From various localities in the state the department has received
complaints concerning destruction by grasshoppers. A letter from
Mr. Geo. W. Watson, Kinsley, Kan., was referred to us by the secre-
tary of the State Board of Agriculture. After considerable corre-
spondence with Mr. Watson, we thought it advisable to visit that
locality and take observations upon existing conditions. Accordingly
the junior member of the department left for Edwards county on
September 29. The department is greatly indebted to Hon. Jno. E.
Frost, land commissioner of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe rail-
way, for favors of transportation upon this and other trips for similar
purposes.

On the morning of the 30th, Mr. R. E. Edwards, president of the
Kinsley Bank, took us to a large tract of alfalfa southwest of Kinsley.
There are about 400 acres of alfalfa in this piece, all the property of
Mr. Edwards. Here we found a few of the Rocky Mountain Locust,
but many more of what is known as the Dift■erentici^ Locust,, or 2J[cl--

CL .'

anoplus diferentialis. The farmers speak of them as " those big
yellow fellows." Mr. Edwards stated that the grasshoppers had not
been so injurious in that tract as farther west. Yet wherever the al-
falfa was young and tender from recent sowing nothing apj)eared
above ground but stubble. Where the plants were older and tougher
the damage was not so noticeable. In the afternoon and the next fore-
noon we visited a number of alfalfa fields, and found conditions much
the same as upon the first day.

In the afternoon of the 80th, Hon. A. C. Dyer, county attorney for
Edwards county, took us to a locality west of Kinsley where the
damage had been great. Here the small Rocky Mountain Locust
was more abundant, with a goodly number of the two-striped Melan-
oplus hlvitattus, but, as before, the Differential Locust was by far the
more abundant. Adjacent to one piece of alfalfa there had been a
piece of corn which they entered after the alfalfa had been cut and
completely strijjped it, killing it before tassels had appeared.

It was not, however, for the purpose of observing the amount of
damage done that the visit was made so much as to note existing
conditions. These will be discussed farther on under the head of
"Alfalfa and the Grasshoppers." Here we will say that everywhere we
were glad to observe that of the Differential Locust {M. differentialis)
there were apparently as many dead as alive to be seen. Natural ene-
mies were at work, but too late to be of any assistance in preserving
this year's crop, though certainly of benefit in curtailing the number
of eggs which would hatch to destroy next year's growth. In many
cases the cause for death was apparently the work of a fly which
deposits its eggs upon the back of the grasshopper. The larvfe —
small, whitish, worm-like creatures, or maggots — soon find their way
into the interior of the grasshopper and produce the death of the
insect. These larvae were found in a number of the specimens taken,
and later two of them changed in the laboratory to adults. They
proved to be flesh-flies, {Sarcopliogo sp.) Many of the 'hoppers had
been deprived of one or both wings- — the work of the locust mite.

Grasshoppers belong to the order of insects known as Orthoi^tera
or straight-winged insects, such as the cricket, katydid, and praying
horse. This order is divided into several families, of which the Ac-
rididte or grasshoppers form one. Since the subdivisions or subfami-
lies are classed according to habits as well as structure, it might be
well to mention them briefly, so that the casual observer may know
from the insect in hand whether or not it is a highly injurious form.

One group, found more generally in low and marshy land, is char-
acterized by a very receding front, forming a sharp angle at vertex of
the head. This subfamily, Tryxalinoi, are not abundant enough to
cause serious damage.

Common along the sides of roads and fields is a dusky grasshopper,
showing as it flies a dark hind wing with white border. Frequently
it pauses in the air, flitting its wings before alighting. This is the
Carolina Locust {Dissosteira Carolina), or "dust-hopper," so called
from its fondness for roadsides and dusty places. This familiar insect
belongs to the subfamily (Edipodinm, a group characterized by rough
prominent ridge on crest of prothorax, the hood-shaped part immedi-
ately behind the head. While these are injurious at times, they do
not, in this country, possess migratory instinct to any great extent.

The next group, the Acridiinct3, contains our most injurious forms.
The prothorax is usually smooth on top, the breast between front legs
usually extended into a tubercle. To this group belong those grass-
hoppers that migrate, and those that thrive well on cultivated crops
in the locality of birth. The development of grasshoppers differs
somewhat in detail, such as time and manner of depositing eggs.

LIFE HISTORY AND HABITS.

The life-history and habits of the Rocky Mountain Locust have
been more fully worked out than any other, and we give it as typical,
in part after Riley.

Where Eggs Are Laid. — The eggs may be laid in almost any kind
of soil. The female prefers, however, bare sandy places, especially on
high ground, not too compact, but moderately loose. We have
watched the female spend 15 minutes in trying the consistency of the
soil before finding a satisfactory place for oviposition. Crevices in
the earth were not acceptable, though in two instances the abdo-
men was inserted well into the opening, only to be withdrawn to try
elsewhere. Compact sandy soil, with south or east slojDe, is much
preferred. The egg mass seldom reaches more than an inch below
the surface. M. spretus chooses the soil. Instances are recorded
where M. differentialis deposited eggs under bark of trees that had
been felled on low land.

Manner in Which Eggs Are Laid. — When a suitable place is
found, the female forces a hole in the ground by means of two pairs
of horny-tipped appendages, which open and shut at the end of her
abdomen, and from their peculiar structure are well adapted for the
work. See plate V, fig. 10, A. With tips closed she pushes her ab-
domen into the ground, and by a series of muscular efforts and contin-
ued opening and closing of the two pairs of appendages she drills a
hole, until nearly the whole abdomen is buried. The hole is more or
less curved, and when completed she commences ovipositing. The
eggs are bound together in a mass by a mucous fluid which at first

is soft, later becomes hard, is more or less impervious to water, and
forms a very excellent protection. The number of eggs in a pod of
spretus is from 25 to 80; in M. dijferentialis, from 100 to 150. It
is thought that the former lays two or three pods of eggs during a
season while the latter lays only one.

The casual observer might suppose the eggs were thrust promis-
cuously into the hole made for them. Not so ; they are not only ar-
ranged to economize space, but to best facilitate the escape of the
young. See plate V, fig. 10, B. The egg-laying season extends from
six to eight weeks, though this period may be shortened or length-
ened by climatic conditions, since the season is closed only by frost.
The eggs will hatch in the order of being laid ; so it is readily seen
that all will not hatch at once. While the hatching period may
cover six or eight weeks, and is also affected by climatic conditions, in
this latitude Riley has found the bulk of them hatch about the last
of April. As soon as hatched the young shed a covering or film, and
begin at once to satisfy their renowned appetites. If sufficient food
is at hand they are not noticed and cause little apprehension. If
food is scarce they begin to hop, generally all in one direction, de-
vouring everything before them.

The female is very intent upon her work of laying eggs and can be
easily watched. At this season farmers will do well to observe their
actions and the places where eggs are being laid, that intelligent ac-
tion may be taken to prevent their hatching. See plate IV, fig. 8.

REMEDIES.

Natural. — The enemies of the locusts are many. Native birds
and all domestic fowls feed with avidity upon them. Prairie-chickens
and quails prefer them as food. It is safe to say that many birds not
generally accredited aid in reducing the number of locusts. Pro-
fessor Snow first ascertained that the Red-headed Woodpecker
■{Melanerpes erythrocephalus), Yellow-billed Cuckoo {Coccyzus
■ Americanus), Cat-bird ( GaleoseopteH Carollnensls), Red-eyed Vireo
■^ Vireo olivaceus), Great-crested Flycatcher {Mylar^chus crinitus),
and Crow Blackbird ( QuiscaJus qulseula aencris) feed upon the lo-
cust. Prof. Samuel Aughey has found by not less than 630 cases of
dissection that 90 sjjecies of birds are partial to locusts as food.
Many winter birds seek the egg-pods for food. Then let the preser-
vation and multiplication of our native birds be given the thought
and legislation they deserve.

Among quadrupeds the . agriculturist find worthy allies. Hogs
thrive upon the young locusts; cats spend the whole day in the field
catching and eating them. Squirrels, chipmunks, weasels, and even

5

the odoriferous skunk, are recorded as rendering signal service in
destroying this pest.

The locust finds, however, its most unrelenting enemies within its
own class. Predacious beetles rummage the ground for egg-pods.
The life-histories of several Hies are prominently connected with that
of the grasshopper. The larva or worm stage of several flies and bee-
tles feeds upon numbers of eggs. The Red Locust Mite ( Tromhidium
locastarium) early in the season attaches itself to the body or wing-
pad of the locust, remaining there eating away the wings and sapping
the strength of the locust until the mite is full grown, when it drops
off and makes food of the locusts' eggs — a twofold enemy.

A tachinid fly, resembling somewhat the housefly, lights upon the
back of the grasshopper while the wings are spread in flight and de-
posits an egg; this soon hatches as a whitish maggot. It works its
way into the interior, feeding upon the vitals of the locust until the
death of the 'hopper results.

Artificial Remedies. — Under this head crops as well as means
must be considered. One of the f)roblems is:

Alfalfa and the Grasshoppers. — A study of the habits of the grass-
hopper and the conditions of growth of alfalfa in the western half of
the state reveals the fact that alfalfa is conducive to 'hoppers. The
ground in an alfalfa field is characterized by its freedom from other
smaller vegetation; as the farmer says, the alfalfa kills out other
grasses and weeds, leaving many open bare places. The soil is sandy.
Here we have the conditions for deposition of eggs — sandy soil, free
from the interference of trash or fine rootlets.

When newly hatched, the young 'hopper, if forced to travel far be-
fore securing nourishing food, will perish. In the alfalfa field this
risk is removed. The alfalfa, an early sjjring grower, furnishes him
an invigorating meal upon his first ajDpearance on earth, giving him
strength from the moment of birth to hop away from pursuing foes.

Here are conditions highly favorable to preserve the "native"
grasshoppers in destructive numbers. So clearly is this the case, that
alfalfa promises well to become as noted as the home of the 'hopper, as
wheat has been as the home of the chinch-bug. Conditions for his
growth are good; conditions for his artificial destruction are equally
good.

Alfalfa growers who have given it the test are unanimously of the
oi^inion that "disking" the alfalfa ground in the autumn is highly
beneficial to the crop, Mr. R. E. Edwards, of Kinsley, who has about
1,000 acres in alfalfa, hopes to be able to disk his whole tract. Mr.
Geo. W. Watson, president of the Alfalfa Land and Irrigation Com-
pany, Kinsley, has large tracts of alfalfa which he will treat in the

6

tsame way. Mr. Watson has conversed with many prominent growers
throughout southwestern Kansas, and finds them all in favor of disk-
ing for better growth of alfalfa. This being the case, here is an ex-
cellent opportunity for the "killing of two birds with one stone."
The disk-harrow placed at a slight angle is bound to move the soil,
disturb the egg-pod, and expose the eggs to the rain, sun, and action
of frost. Upon this subject we take the following from the late Dr.
C V. Riley, then chief entomologist for the United States:

Harrowing in the autumn, or during dry, mild weather in early winter, will
prove one of the most effective modes of destroying the eggs and preventing future
injury, wherever it is available. It should be enforced by law wherever the soil
in any region is known to be abundantly stocked with eggs. A revolving harrow
or cultivator will do excellent service in this way, not only in the field, but along
roadways and other bare and uncultivated places. The object should be, not to
stir deeply, but to scarify and pulverize as much as possible the soil to about the
depth of an inch. Where the cultivator is used, it would be well to pass over
the ground again with a drag or a brush harrow for this purpose.

Large areas are now given to the growth of alfalfa. As much as
400 or 500 acres of alfalfa can frequently be found in one plot. From
such large and favorable breeding grounds it is possible for grasshop-
pers to come forth in myriads, devouring everything vegetable in the
locality. If perchance the migratory Rocky Mountain Locust pre-
dominates, communities remote will suffer as severely.

Let the disk harrow be applied, and after it run the common harrow,
with teeth slanted at right angles to the direction of the disk harrow,
and the destruction of the eggs is assured. Fortunately the best time
to do this is late in the fall, when the time of the farmer is not so
urgently required in other lines.

General Remedies. — There are many ways in which farm practice
may prevent injury from insects, and the intelligent farmer will be-
come familiar with successful means of prevention as well as discrimi-
nate use of insecticides. He finds the possession of a good spraying
pump, "hopper-dozer," necessary chemicals, and a thorough knowl-
edge of their successful application, necessaries. He will have
acquired sufficient literature pertaining to the subject to enable him
to act immediately, not awaiting information while depredations are
in rapid progress.

Natural enemies are always at work. In the case of the 'hopper,
as well as many others, the destruction comes too late to benefit the
farmer. Death from tachinid flies comes after the eggs are laid.
When 'hoppers are plentiful, should their parasitic enemies and
others destroy 50 per cent, of them, enough females would still re-
main to insure very appreciable injury the following year. Upon the
farmer then rests the burden of protecting his crops.

Preventive remedies are harrowing and cross-harrowing land in the
fall, where eggs have been laid. If ground is to be cultivated the fol-
lowing year, fall plowing is equally effective. Destructive means are:
Where ground is smooth and crops small, crushing the young un-
fledged locusts with heavy roller. Where ground is rough and crops
too high for rolling, the use of the " hopper-dozer," an illustration of
which appears on plate V (fig. 12), with full directions for use,

Concerning the " hoioper-dozer," Prof. Lawrence Bruner, of the
University of Nebraska, but for this year employed by the govern-
ment of the Argentine Republic to study, with a view to checking
their ravages, the locusts of that country, says:

By all odds the best method of destroying these insects is the use of the
"hoijper-dozer," or kerosene pan. This is made of stovepipe iron, by turning up
the sides and ends about four inches, so as to make a long, flat pan about four
inches in depth. This is then mounted on runners, varying in height according
to requirements. On the frame back of the pan is stretched a piece of cloth to
prevent the insects from jumping over the pan. When ready to begin work the
pan is partially filled with water ; then some coal-oil is added. The height of
the runners will necessarily vary from 2 to 8 or 10 inches, according to crop to be
protected and age of the insects to be captured. The machine may be of any
length desired, up to 16 or 18 feet. When full, the insects can be removed, a
little more oil added, and the machine again started. In this way a number of
bushels of 'hoppers can be destroyed in a single day. The cost is trifling and the
remedy efl^ectual.

We have given the two most successful artificial remedies. Oth-
ers are advocated, but have never been so successfully used. Bran
poisoned with Paris green will be of value in protecting garden plats
or small areas, but in large fields the "hopper-dozer" is universally
proclaimed the most successful means of destruction.

DESCRIPTIONS.

The genus 3felanoplus contains our most destructive forms in this
state, and to this genus we will with one exception confine our de-
scriptions.

THE ROCKY MOUNTAIN LOCUST.

(Melcinoplus spretus, Thomas.)

The life-history has been given. With some variations this serves
equally well for other species. The adult male measures about 1^
inches, the female Ij inches, from head to tip of wing. The color of
each is the same, a dirty olive and brown ; front wings with row of
dirty brown spots extending along middle from base to tip ; hind
wings transparent, with slight yellowish tinge at the base ; tibi?e of
hind legs vary in color from bright red to pale yellow, sometimes to
bluish. The young resemble the adult except in wings. The very

young have no wings ; later wing-pads appear, too short for flight ;
after last molt full wings are developed. This species distinguished
from the common Red-legged Locust by longer wings, the wings ex-
tending one-third their length beyond tip of abdomen. In the male
spretus the last joint of the abdomen turns up like the prow of a canoe
and is notched, forming two tubercles at tip ; while in the Red-legged
Locust, MelanoplusfemuT-rubrum, the last joint of the abdomen turns
up like the stern of a barge, is broad at top and not notched. See
plate V, figure 11. Females of both species are distinguished by
the four tips, the ovipositor, at the end of the abdomen.

Of all the destructive locusts of North America, this one has caused
the greatest amount of damage and attracted the most public atten-
tion. The reports of the United States Entomological Commission,
especially the second, contain full accounts of its life-history and
habits.

This locust is a permanent resident of the Rocky mountain region,
from northern New Mexico to northern limits of the prairies on the
North Saskatchewan river. This range extends so as to include the
greater portion of Wyoming, part of northwestern Nebraska, western
part of South Dakota, half of North Dakota, and Manitoba, in British
America. It is not always found in destructive numbers over this
area, but always in a healthy condition. Adjoining this region is a
strip about 100 miles wide called the " sub-permanent " region. Here
it is nearly as healthy and about as abundant as upon the " perma-
nent" range. Beyond this strip is a greater extent of country known
as the "temporary" region. This region covers the remainder of the
states named above, extends into Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, Kansas,
Arkansas, Indian territory, and Texas. This temporary region is oc-
casionally visited by moving swarms, and consequently has suffered
most from ravages of this locust during past years.

THE LESSER MIGRATORY LOCUST.

{Melanoplus atlantis, Riley.)

Next to Melanoplus spretus this is the most destructive of our
North American locusts. It has occurred in destructive numbers in
various parts of the interior, eastward but chiefly northward.

As the name implies, this locust is somewhat smaller than spretus.
Though closely related, it is distinguished from spretus by its smaller
size, darker and more marbled coloring ; has proportionally shorter
and narrower wings. It is migratory in habit, but to a less degree
than spretus. It inhabits a much larger range than spretus, yet pre-
fers hilly, wooded or mixed country to open prairies.

9

THE KED-LEGGED LOCUST.

{Melanoiilus femur-rubricm, De Geer.)

Doubtless this is the most widely distributed insect of the family
in America. It is found from ocean to ocean, from the extreme north-
ern range of grasshoppers to Central America. High land and low
land suit its taste equally well.

The chief diff'erences between this locust and the Rocky Mountain
Locust: In female, the wings of the Red-legged Locust are shorter
than those of spretus. In the male, distinguishing characteristics
are found in last joint of abdomen. ( For full explanation, see
plates, I, figures 1 and 2, V, fig. 11-) It differs in habits from the
Lesser Migratory and Rocky Mountain Locusts in that it seldom ex-
hibits the migratory trait. It sometimes collects in great swarms, but
never rises to great heights, to be carried away by the winds. It is
generally kept in check by natural enemies. " Hopper-dozers " are
the effectual artificial remedy, even after the insect has acquired

wings.

THE TWO-STRIPED LOCUST.

{Melanoplus hivitatu-^. Say.)

A common locust which occasionally becomes sufficiently numerous
to cause great damage over limited areas. The male is about IJ, the
female 1^ inches in length. In color the insect ranges from a dull
green to a dull brown, and is characterized by a distinct yellowish or
pale stripe extending on each side from the upper part of the eye to
the end of the wing. See plate III, fig. 5. It is found over a large
area, is not migratory, and by vigorous means at the right time can
be kept from destroying crops.

THE DLFFERENTL\L LOCUST.

(Melanoplus differentia lis, Thomas.)

Most conspicuous among the "native" locusts of Kansas is this
Differential Locust. The tendency of civilization is to drive out the
locust. This species, however, shows a tendency toward civilization.
It is a little larger than the Two-striped Locust just mentioned, has
no stripes along sides of back and wings, and is more yellowish
throughout. See plate III, fig. 6. It frequents plowed fields; pre-
fers corn, clover and alfalfa, etc., as well as garden products. The eggs
are generally laid in cultivated grounds that are more or less compact,
on old roads, or well-grazed pasture lands. Exceptions to this are
found in case of eggs deposited under logs and bark of trees.
Egg-laying season is from the middle of August until late in October.
The range of this species is not so large as those previously named.

This species has only increased so as to be numerous enough for
serious devastations since the settlement of its native soil. It was

10

this locust that caused the serious damage to alfalfa in the south-
western part of the state this year. Its largo, robust body, with mod-
erate wings, is not capable of long flight, but admirably adapted to
destruction of crops. In alfalfa fields visited, many specimens were
found much lighter yellow than the description given by Thomas of
the insect. It attacks shade-trees, and in the gardens around Kinsley
it showed a great fondness for cabbage, feeding upon the midveins
after the leafy structure was taken. The " hopper-dozer " is effective
even after the insect is full-fledged, since their flight is low and
heavy.

LONG-WINGEt> LOCUST.
[Dissosteira Inngipennis, Thomas.)

Until recently this was classed among the comparatively harmless
locusts. It is about two inches long; resembles our common "dust
'hoppers,'" so frequently flying up before us along the roadsides, ex-
cept, instead of yellow fringe on hind wing, that portion of the Long-
winged Locust is clear, transparent, with a few dark spots on tip
of wing. See plate II, fig. 3.

It has caused considerable damage in eastern Colorado, but has
not yet appeared in alarming numbers in Kansas.

It is well known that the complete destruction of the winged lo-
custs, when they swarm down upon a country in such numbers as to
darken the sun by their flight, is impossible. Man is powerless be-
fore the mighty host. Special plants or small areas may be partially
protected by eternal vigilance in driving off" or guarding by smudges,
as locusts avoid smoke. His power then lies in the early stages of
the insects' life, and prompt, intelligent action at that time. The
remedies are not expensive; the means are efPectual.

F. H. Snow, Ph.D.,

Professor of Entomology.

S. J. Hunter, M. A.,
October ♦1897. *' Assistant Professor.

11

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.*
Plate I.

Figure 1. — Rocky Mountain Locust, Melanoplus spretus, male, four times
natural size.

Figure 2. — Red-legged Locust, 3IeIccnoplun femur-ruhrum, male, four
times natural size. For comparison of length of wings, spots on wings, and side
view of abdomen, with J/, spretus.

Plate II.

Figures. — Long-winged Locust, Dissostelra lonfjipeniils, female, natural
size.

Figure 4. — Differential Locust, Melanox>lus differentialiii, female, natural
size.

Plate III.

Figure 5. — Two-striped Locust, Melanoplus hlvitalus, female, natural size.
Figure 6. — o, Differential Locust ; 6, Two-striped Locust ; showing difference
in markings when wings are folded.

Plate IV.

Figure 7. — Rocky Mountain Locust, Melanoplus spretus, female, natural
size, with wings spread to show spots on fore-wing.

Figure 8. — Rocky Mountain locust; a, a, a, females laying eggs; b, egg-pod,
with broken end, taken from grovind ; e, eggs, taken from pod ; d, e, egg-pods in
place below surface of ground ; /, place whei-e an egg-pod is buried.

Figure 9, a, 6, c. — Stages in growth of young locust ; c shows appearance of
wing-pads.

Plate V.

Figure 10. — A shows ovipositors of female — a, in natural position; b and
c show structure of tips used iti digging. B, «, side view of egg-pod. Natural
way of escape of young when hatched is in direction of arrows past d. If d is
closed or obstructed, young can force their way directly to surface, as shown by
dotted lines at e.

Figure 11. — a, side view, b, end view, tip of abdomen, showing tubercles, of
Rocky Mountain Locust; c, side view, d, end view, of tip of abdomen of Red-
legged Locust, showing broad structure like stern of a Vjarge.

Figure 12. — "Hopper-dozer." See page 7 for instructions as to use.

* Plate I, figures 1, 2, and plate V, figure 11, are from original drawings made by Miss Ella
Weeks, under direction. Plate IV, figures 8, 9, and plate V, figures 10 and 12, are after Riley
The remaining figures are from original drawings made by Miss Mary Wellman, for "Common
Injurious Insects of Kansas."

Plate I.

Fi-. 1.

.sa$£S

Fig. 2.

Plate II.

Fig. 3.

Fig. 4.

Plate III.

Fig. 5.

Fig. 6.

Plate IV.

Fie:. 8.

Fig. 9.

Plate V

B

Fie. 10.

•¥n

Fig. 11.

Fis. 12.

Syracuse, N. Y.
Stockton, Colif.

§08 f84°o:i908:'='^ Huntington,

A2S63 The more destructive
li'nt. grasshoppers of Kansas

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The more destructive grasshoppers of Kan